1 20 10 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/d8da7268f2f4cd21bf7c2452c5d5c01b.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=M2UKRT6qIAy2vRwZteI63BW0SBsK-jgHgU6J9zkFRcYT7iQ8672bT9FF370CzUBuy4LCzRMESHyd07fY6At16ea6oFVHIBAJ6qEgOx0rpIp3gq8bfjF04OkeMC7NSybNlIPMzLljN2ICPNz-BboX90nz3VbKpMnZB9iGz-s9rx-rdSGxhKzQSvebMqnkGcKcp8obQI50rbrxpx25SeOw-wC0XCIxNOo%7EQGnDncten5uO1VxCPV0HsBUaUTOhcPHctVlqqJuxjJQYBLZN0scFFjm-jZrlc5oKZBaZurpczzm1jtLcm%7EhsPksmsujbfHTOoUEE8sm1Pj1UwtfD8vvL3g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8c1b17f595af0e7b449d528324c1aec5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A sketch of the life and public services of William Henry Harrison, 1836 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jackson, Isaac Rand Subject The topic of the resource Harrison, William Henry, 1773-1841 Presidents Generals Kentucky--Imprints--19th century Lexington (Ky.)--Imprints--19th century United States Description An account of the resource Topics generally include Kentucky law and legislation. Full version of this text available at <a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=4KYEAAAAYAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" title="A Sketch of the Life and Public Services of William Henry Harrison" rel="noreferrer noopener">A Sketch of the Life and Public Services of William Henry Harrison</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1836 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lexington: J. Clark & Co. Relation A related resource bbf0080 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RB 348.769 W637 No. 3 1836 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Filson Historical Society Rare Book Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pamphlet Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 19th century 1830s law Legislation pamphlets https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/b248821847b00862e7095e747646f2f8.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ZD7rwVSBgjuWd-r2IDE1tCXX0DfyJoDmeEF-D6LMIOnlTcS01hsx4E37aSMxj1FAXOHTOn6ctPSXgswx5Ifq2HdXTgBadtVrevy8k0LxzJtMF2bAzyuVlno940GWKxreh4QImf4FicTUAh%7ETKUz4RGISwDijDVJRGU6y%7EC%7EABR7TB7oZKbzfpYZK4nHWiQdTRYVktsqL96LRxH%7EhNjnxbDf8wUYDF9PA9ff6hzIr5J6NvaLTxsM6SwoyuuVM5lqsrjDPkExhfKyhpKRBRihZUEtw6tV0b6f5ByY4J3qqorpHR0KI-dc1pD%7E8SrFW%7EfRdo59ZLsFSNsYXN%7EJXGQ-cRQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8267303fe766df5e60ef3ae8fe463766 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Travels through the Western Interior of the United States, from the year 1808 up to the year 1816 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ker, Henry Subject The topic of the resource Ohio River Valley--Description and travel--19th century Mexico Southwest, Old--Description and travel--19th century United States New Jersey--Imprints--19th Century Description and travel Settler colonialism Colonization Description An account of the resource "Travels through the western interior of the United States, from the year 1808 up to the year 1816: with a particular description of a great part of Mexico, or New-Spain. Containing a particular account of thirteen different tribes of Indians through which the author passed, describing their manners, customs, &c., with some account of a tribe whose customs are similar to those of the ancient Welsh." Full version of this text available at <a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=9hQWAAAAYAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" title="Travels Through the Western Interior of the United States" rel="noreferrer noopener">Travels Through the Western Interior of the United States</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1816 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Elizabethtown, N. J: Printed for the author Relation A related resource bbf0019 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RB 917.3 K39 1816 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Rare Book Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource book Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 19th century 1810s archaeology burial democracy emigration enslavement exploration farming fossils Frankfort Internal migration Legislation Lexington mammoth Marriage Native American pamphlets religion Shawnee https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/81633f0b29a080d966cd88a226263b54.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=So9G9Uu-VEhGdfQwvBpdAN4GZX4V-uC7jCO4CGOPE87X35xMa5yfMxqa5tKojneXuyzW-vVKLFhRCsDPr1KA5dBzhdFO96bFh1M0ESaLzQceAPe-o9dKIWAXVvw2aaUq55camnMNGxFAkbqFhi%7EDjWE789OwfWa2fgUvuLI8Q8fBOKRPG5TklzQVFFkAOc9f9V96VQbdZ7BJ659E3LETHeUEXoL%7EpAZzG5V-Tw-bsdPJ4hGshQDyMPx4VNxYLwX1w4PNLHFBm0XkAeuV1WGnFOfO3WcbQRQwlSIJWDnw4fuvzkNZAO8avinMAkmWb5JL%7E0xAf0T9uWrprwuqIbmGDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8fda47651063f1e806b4240f62d1dc4a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Correspondence between George Nicholas the Honorable Robert G. Harper, 1799 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0081 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RB Closet 973.4 W637 No.5 1799 Subject The topic of the resource Alien and Sedition laws, 1798 United States -- Foreign relations -- Great Britain Great Britain -- Foreign relations -- United States United States -- Foreign relations -- France France -- Foreign relations -- United States Kentucky -- Imprints -- 18th century Lexington (Ky.) -- Imprints -- 18th century Nullification (States' rights) Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798 Description An account of the resource Correspondence between George Nicholas, Esq. of Kentucky, and the Hon. Robert G. Harper, member of Congress from the district of 96, state of South Carolina. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas, George Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1799 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Harper, Robert G. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 1790s Alien Laws congress foreign relations France Kentucky law Legislation Nullification pamphlets sedition Sedition laws States' rights Virginia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/a85b425cfaa20fb0501871f731dc6847.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=KFAuIZutU6wU9eaA2UNJOdRzyAAbb0m1esecRZ3jla65EW30DvH4WyayT6WvrXIj4AXfweo5AZl3ZzhJaUKpcosYRhp-vEW88PvJ4w%7EjP14ZSOV1XdP0kpcEae0g9Nt1MIamvaRAQkU6O3sTsBrzJNsUl3E8oEqPbM2fBtAIofKEOS92%7EBGWU4zJN6gMfGSN38J7Vhe12vCoTW93-0gEOkDz0YaKZSSuc34skWcoo9gO-Urlh6yUgS6G43VAnLtkAH6vUX43xB%7E%7ExD62guc9KyxOFiMvCNcFObzGDK4VtIaI73P3pt9ASCgZaiv2aX5idFz2O8TMLz0RgxRewX9Pug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 747771eebe592505ad90decef254cd41 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of the Senate at the first session of the General Assembly of the state of Kentucky, 1792 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0063 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RB Closet 328.769 K37 1792 Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky Law and legislation Politics and government Description An account of the resource Title page of the Journal of the Senate at the first session of the General Assembly of the state of Kentucky. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kentucky. General Assembly Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1792 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Bradford, John (printer) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource serial Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 1790s government Kentucky Kentucky General Assembly Kentucky Senate law Legislation politics https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/4c95ad8623987892cd7bf47a492438ce.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=jK1Z8kIElF2h%7EN1-7CvDlexqS8r3goV0e8U-YbrutARYUmAtH4kBSJXKzQkCxXghEL5YgS-eLVkgH06gF9gknqhuz%7EJsWqvBM2zMVdpiwfGQCOMn33-7H1lHKn1Az3dt1lyNBNRdTC-x-9BCW%7EDpKRsDPI-ICW%7EqkC3NhvO9l%7E0RcXInzLoWRW%7Esnuy7DCBVTqLy6lMXhU%7EYyp7FcW1795UVrEKb7HHD0%7E3Lh-keVECO8lVddLjQ6c1IoQkzv2la6teWAdiIcSvYV24LNa10Y0echP328dn7IMOUW0vSW-gRycXDqDTV-ZNvL7KUpB9Ba-ty0s%7E2TfNnCpEmunpZWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 80dbf85e11c9df79906e097849b54cc8 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/7a89beabe24d6306d976be98baefe0e9.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=qAwdhlsIvEL%7EknKcbaM0t5VstSlhRlG1ahYlueZPCyXPcQ6Q1kAv2gfZeRB23HQmVPxqwh%7E-rc6jvSZtbkZpwl7yYGjaEFcyra1JCziyW-dI2w8-hPvhVQQRrhwEoGQt7rrwcJfocCOKjlom3RVe2j-zWAAJfMZkD5tcPsaA8ZaEH44KGpe-co9q3hIe-avQGB0soqAQH0zCAHJ9hNNFxSVTFaBtjX4MiRjvWZKiHTF4QYlIK5SzhvRMzI2mQB5bW7QjOT91QgOHvmw2EqA-2wiDjBrl7DWu0U4DJawH-sVzP2U8kG8VrQQgYsPH07O8beNBSFycJGR1yHXvubyuQg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e01b21ea581398eea0a62079430f6d18 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/07f1ab36e6f1e6395d06712b02bd971f.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=deze8yPl3n8Q14tTt7sdQB86sV3mszSpcoSO8oJwAJHUig4aqN%7EHY9HpNN%7Er1eS1qPYaWtuwE1zf5KDn4lXFBYuOwArMZor6FZw48gzgJP5U1LLcdGxa5bUahi-NNBarXXp%7Eq7wzWBVbgawxj5OOWoWxlQ1raYqZRKcw4udhZYf5pzsYIZW0Hnj07QRAm-m5ErYsiZWXhP7FEj9tBs8muUjLBWb%7EK5hujIvSuN4zi44zRBX0KR7VU80AAKwdzSaEEow4tNLGDNMUqzXSLnS%7EeRtXfOF7svH5NWsEolLfQQLBlDsv4AuOujVI19HqT5Nt4xpdGyGXTYCKaYjnPomI8Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 10f81f241745a6e278a2892185b9765e https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/ecf93502bc2b2f44f98bc27bc739d0db.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=mJQmoZxotDmBBVte3%7Ej21HlRaXQGHw1EEIs4ZhmwFgkAYP260Pu6t-T0-ulBEDdL66MoRVrZBxAurJ-z0SbPkq7YpxxepcWu9KxQPC8-hxMEtq1nFCsTZPx2APTq6nhAq3NmdLBhTnVAOzOucMf--Bv1ExYR%7Ela3TghbeZlztxEB4GgJzs8X1m-fcrS0WSaYGs-aAVbrIu65BBRb2PJhatkFvB0d4IKSiY6gi3BKkU5LlISLjYazAO2OhEN%7EGagGq055QWd-0Z2y%7EtPlRIcF2bNaKG1xO3-8tOU8PlDTdOAlzVbE%7EybnuciPYwxDI%7EG%7Evshgt1MKcykXAdi5gw73Xw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1cdc897b24fdc86a9b62d5d37efed49b https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/20959c17636f4c939ec46ab10bbcc3de.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=BnQlozruC0K49ctJrKMKBKOQF9C6qTA9kogErNqt-AGRGXxw7uS8ua3q9EGJWdo9LcQzJi%7EGNelrfJ3vKoroce4%7ErcJAo6zoj4x-bx8rKzED9xybHxyJCyN3a-s18tYbXZGs%7Ee86HcCNZTMTb8c-jkZE03id7TKkiMmGlCITx3pAEzwZgg4lhm5hpmVrI5HK6I2r9tlA95tuYsXolSxFYnIGtxfTGjITnLhBgmEm%7EZl06cRdIlPWOjWjmR1nvwI-JrUttCaHeMRMrWptKOMOpiJvDhGvpfE2wFNdpDyieh9zu5JJWJ84YPL0v%7E-AvOjCYo1QFBbse1slX3sbKUdfpw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aa2ebb7dbdb8de66a7b6dd90e1fc8943 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/81052fccf4eea6e3a03d53176ddfe864.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=RizfUWNEAlTn2HxtMPtvpMeefQhX6ZWK97%7EscrmDmyxMCzu2jKIffyuJngBQjDPfhFKHS6DK6Gd7TYdxEERDlRAw7Rcf1u4ppZxUWl9hWzHnjQhFlWmQw0EB23lBOHZckohCzI2mpqJeHoI7pBIysEz3FUgNHl6dD163bf6zZMg9ujcZCXxIzt%7EX%7EmWFPH402qQHFmNp93BIvVtVHvQiq9ziHcfmWmttiH4OvGmTvRULAtjEuzRBS%7Eqv4Ie2OgxyhutEqwHMTZn74hFFFAvsCspYLmM4bRnvDA-Sj2nsAxTRvtkaLVKi4e43dUn1kP%7Ejb-wncS8H6BA9mvG1U5m12g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e9108a8e7fe977a223edeef51244db56 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/5adc21c9763113068987a0522dd23c74.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=nCsIxP854poxWkbFQI7Omb7EgBHdGH3fbWdilhm%7EEcrefyx0vqjnbAZbTnOk6DriXy4pm7k4b4vp-zQVcbJoP5Fu6JB6Lnl0Y9-fQFh4uyDxkt9jeucQWXtkzvWg5SAv-pAsZk-6UXDVt3Y4xKU-1AYYcEyov5SgRlGXA3QdjxeuvtAwLxTuSWISJRL%7EI%7E-cBOwVxFY6rEmx1uzc6eRq4VVpkEZenKYdFEfaBZZjbqG3cFPHiLkwmBGRmBcfzcAkDqB0nehmucQ2Rb1KOdvd4sNPPQxSVyxRzJde5PVKL7pjM5bdHasN%7E4BW9B5BkRofKKAz0xwPD5s-WxuG%7EsIxnw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 00ad2a3f380c6d3384b73d505b3cb4d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Pellaeskes REPORTT Of a Committee of the Senate of Kentucky, to which was referred that part of the Governor's Message relating to the decisions and jurisdic- tion of the Federal Courts. December 6, 1824 Read, and ordered to be printed. The committee to whom was referred so much of the Governor's message as relates to the decision of the Supreme Court against the validity of the Occupying Claimant Laws of this State, and to the jurisdiction of the Federal Courts, have had the same under consideration, and herewith report the following preambles and resolutions, which they recommend to be adopted, viz. The General assemby, at its last session, remonstrated to the Congress of the United States, against the principles attempted to be established by a minority of the Supreme Court, in the case of Green and Biddle, vacating our Occupant Lawa, decided at their preceding term. The Senators and Representative from this State promptly presented the remonstrance and documents to that body, and as early as practicable, pressed the subject on their consideration. Congress was crowded with important national subjects of immediate concern, and the session was drawing to a close ; yet the complaint of Kentucky was taken up in both houses, and strong indications were given, that her cause was considered the cause of every other State, and that every underviating repub- lican and inflexible defender of the true principlesof our Federal Union, would not only be found in the support of the propositions contained in the Remonstrance, but also of such other changes and reforms in the Judicial Department of the National Govern- ment, as may be necessary to defend the States from the further encroachments of that powerful tribunal. It is unnecessary for the present General Assembly to add any thing to the unanswered, and, it is believed, unanswerable argu- ments against the opinion of the Court, contained in the petition of Messars. Rowan and Clay, accompanying the remonstrance, if, indeed, aught could be added, to make the error of the Court more palpable; and whether they consult their own judgment, the sentiments of the people of Kentucky, or the indications in Congress of the United States, it would seem equally superfluous to add any thing to the remonstrance itself, for the purpose of vidicating the justices, the policy, and the necessity of the course which the General Assembly has pursued, to vindicate the insulted rights of their State and their constituents. Kentucky could not make more evident, the wrongs she hasendured, and the claim she has upon the Congress of the Union, for ample security against future sufferings and degradation. But it cannot be disguised, that great efforts have been made and extensive means employed, by those who substantially main- tain the supremacy of the Federal Judiciary, and whose interests have been advanced by the decrees of the Court, to impress upon the national government and our sister States, that the people of Kentucky have and feel but an inconsiderable interest in the occu- pant laws thus attempted to be repealed, and are ready to surrender them, as unjust in principle, and repugnant to the compact with our parent State ; that they are not opposed to the general princi- ples attempted to be established by that tribunal, and entertain no apprehensions from the application and extension of the de- grading doctrines in that and other opinions asserted ; that they are ready to yield whatever the Judges may demand ; that the measures of the last session were but the effect of a temporary agi- tation in the public mind, and a rebellious spirit in the General Assembly, which had spent themselves in the effervescence of the moment, and left the State in a disposition to abandon the ques- tion, and quietly to submit to the unconstitutional mandates of judicial authority. Hence, it is deemed not only politic, but ne- cessary, for the present General Assembly emphatically to de- clare, that on this subject they fully accord with the sentiments expressed in the remonstrance of last session, and by the Gover- nor in his enlightened communication at the commencement of the present session, and that, in their opinion, the same sentiments are entertained by the great body of the people of Kentucky. They have always believed, and do now believe, that the occu- pant laws attempted to be vacated by the Court, violated no prin- ciple either of constitutional or moral law, and are entirely consis- tent with the compact with the parent State, and were, at the time of their enaction, imperiously required by the condition of the country, and are still essential toits repose. They view the decision of the Court as not only unconstitutional and erroneous, but as asserting principles whcih are dangerous to the political lib- erty of the State, and to the civil liberty of its citizens ; and taken in connexion with the general tenor of the decisions of that tribunal on constitutional law, and the spirit which has been displayed by their adherents, as threatening an annihilation and consolidation of the States. But the General Assembly and the people of Kentucky view the reports sent abroad, of their readiness to asquiesce in 3 principles so monstrous, as groundless calumies upon the State character, and upon the patriotism and firmness of the people, and calculated to aid in the prostration of State sovereignty, the main pillar of the Federal Union and American liberty. It might seem to be incompatible with that confidence with which Kentucky looks to Congress for redress of the wrongs un- der which she suffers, to press directly upon that bady a renewal od her complaints, at so early a period; but viewing the subject of the remonstrance as not only important to the people of Kentucky, but involving the very principles of that government under which the American States are so happily united, the General Assembly deem it proper, through the immediate representatives of the State, to urge it on the early attention of the national Legislature, and to declare, that they consider if does as far transcend, in im- portance, any other subject which may probably command their at- tention, as the fundamental principles of the government rise above the details of its administration : Therefore, Resolved by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, That our Senators in Congress be instructed, and our Representa- tives requested, to urge upon the early attention of Congress, the subject of the remonstrance of Kentucky against the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States annulling the occupying claimant laws of this State, and employ their best efforts to obtain the passage of acts of Congress in conformity to the propositions in the remonstrance contained. The provisions of the Constitution of the United States in rela- tion to the Federal Judiciary, and the jurisdiction exercised by those tribunals, have also been mentioned by the Governor in his communication. The Constitution provides, "that the judicial power shall extend to controversies between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants from different States, and between the citizens of a State and the citizens or subjects of a foreign State." It is difficult to perceive the principle on which it was deemed necessary or poli- tic, on the mere circumstance of one of the litigants being a citi- zen or subject of a foreigh State, or of a different State from his ad- versary, or on the diversity of the sovereignty by whom the land in contest was granted, to vest the jurisdiction of the cause in the federal tribunals, unless we presume that it was apprehended the state courts. at some future day, might become so corrupt or imbe- cile, as to be incapable of rendering justice according to law, in any cause in which a citizen of a foreign or sister state might have an interest adverse to a citizen of the state to which the tribunal belonged, and become so far lost to a sense of rights, as to deny justice to even one of their own citizens, on the ground that his grant emanated from another state. But surely it ought not to have been believed, that this government, which is founded excla- 4 sively on the virtue and intelligence of the people could long endure after the people had become so corrupt, as to will, or even tolerate such abuses of the judiciary, which, like every other department of their government, must, on the principles of the supermacy of the people, ever be a correct representation of themselves. But it cannot be disguised, that there did prevail in the convention, not only an undue distrust of the states, but a strong disposition to place them under the control of the federal judiciary. Hence the provision in the orginal article from which we have quoted, that subjected a state, contrary to its will, to be arraigned at the bar of the federal judges at the suit of a citizen, or even that of an alien. this provision, it is true, was believed to have been ab- rogated by an amendment proposed by our parent state, and adopt- ed by the requisite number of the members of the Union. But it is equally true, that the Supreme Court have determined, by their constructions, that a vestige of it still remained, and have, upon its authority, solemnly adjudged, that distinguished state to pass- ed under their yoke. [Cohens us. State of Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264.] The General Assembly do, therefore, fully accord with the Ex- ecutive, in his opinion that this jurisdiction is unnecessarily and improperly vested; and believing with him, that our state tribunals may be made competent to the determination of all such contro- versies, would willingly unite with our sister states in ratifying amendments to the constitution, to divest the fereral courts of all such jurisdiction. The Supreme Court have, however, determin- ed, that they cannot exercise jurisdiction in any case,merely on the authority of the constitution; but that the jurisdiction must be given by statute also; [M' Intire and Wood, 7 Cranch 505] and Congress has, by statute, conferred on them jurisdiction in causes of the above character. The repeal of the acts of Congress would, therefore, for the present, remedy the evil. In a proposi- tion to repeal these acts, it is believed, Kentucky would display an unanimity seldom witnessed on any question. It was by virtue of thede acts, that the Circuit Court for the Kentucky district ob- tained jurisdiction in the case of Green and Biddle, from which it was adjourned to the Supreme Court, where the occupant laws, designed to secure the bona fide occupant a fair compensation for his labor, honestly bestowed on lands granted to him by the Com- monwealth, and believed to be his own, are attempted to be an- nulled. If, therefore, those acts of Congress had not been in force, the decision could never have been given, and if repealed, our laws may be restored. These are not, however, the only laws designed to secure jus- tice to the people of Kentucky, which have been disregarded by the federal tribunals, in exercising jurisdiction under the act in question. The Circuit Court for the Kentucky district, have held for naught, the statute of this state limiting actions for the recov- 6 conveniencies to litigants, by a multiplication of the districts of the federal court, and thus to carry home the justice of the federal Judges to the doors of the people. But for this remedy we are not prepared. We still glory in the part which the representa- tives of Kentucky took, in the repeal of the wide-spread system of the federal judiciary, which was established for the abolition of the rights of the states, and the humiliation of the people. We are, therefore, for a curtailment of the jurisdiction of the courts; not for a multiplication of the courts and judges, and an extension of their patronage and influence: Therefore, 2. Resolved by the authority aforesaid, That our Senators in Con- gress be instructed, and our Representatives requested, to use their best efforts to cause and act to pass that body repealing all statutes now in force, which give the federal courts jurisdiction, where land is the subject-matter of controversy, merely on account of the citizenship of the parties, or the states from which the grant to the land in contest issued. There is another provision in the judiciary act of Congress, by which the Supreme Court exercises a jurisdiction to annul and set aside not only the statutes of the states, but also the decisions of their courts of justice, which is peculiarly objectionable in its character. The 25th section of the judiciary act provides, among other things, "that a final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a state, in which a decision of the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a stat- ute of, or authority exercised under any state, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties or laws of the United States, and the decision is in favor of such, their validity may be re-examined, and reversed or affirmed, in the Supreme Court of the United States, upon a writ of error." That a writ of error is allowed to one party and nto to the oth- er; that it is given for the purpose of annulting the statute of a state, after its highest judicial tribunal has declared it constitutional and valid, and yet denied when the state court has vacated the stat- ute, is certainly an unequal provision. The case of the decision of the Court of Appeals on the replevin laws, illustrates this objec- tion. Had the parties who contended for the validity of these laws prevailed, their adversaries, who allege that they were re- pugnant to the constitution of the United States, might have pros- ecuted their writ of error, and had the decision re-examined and reversed. But the Court of Appeals having attempted to annual the laws; the parties who contended for their validity, have no appeal and, consequently, the decision is fixed upon the state as a prece- dent for all future time, unless the Judges be driven from office in some mode. It is not, however, this singular provision in the statute, which constitutes the main objection. It is by no means conceded, that Congress had power to provide, that after the highes court 7 of law or equity of a state, in which the case could be heard, had pronounced its final decision between the parties, the judgment or decree might be re-examined and reversed in the federal courts. But it is not necessary to urge the constitutional ogjection. Con- gress has power to repeal the enactment; [Durousseau us. United States, 6 Cranch 314] it will, therefore, be suddicient for Kentucky to unite with the other states in urging upon that body, the other intrinsci objections and dangerous tendencies of this singular clause. It might be sufficient to say, that by this short paragraph the prerogative of understanding and applying the principles of the federal constitution, is wholly wrested from the states and peo- ple, by whom it was made, and consigned to a tribunal installed for life, equally irresponsible to the people and their representatives; that by vesting this jurisdiction in the Supreme Court, seven men, placed above all control by the only rightful sovereigns, are made the final arbiters of the extent of the legislative power of the states, and have it thereby in their power to degrade them to any character " of corporation," which may be dictated by their ambitious designs or capricious fancies. If it be asked, how could uniformity of construction upon those articels of the constitution which are prohibitory to the states, be maintained, if this mode of preserving it be abandoned, it is an- swered, that this secting does not secure the object. It is only calculated for a reduction of the power of the states by the Su- preme Court, where the state judiciaries are not bold enough for the undertaking, whilst it leaves those states without appeal, who are willing to become the victims of such decisions by their own tribunals, as may sink them even below the grade to which the federal judiciary would consign them; so that the enactment only affords a double means of reducing the states, without the advan- tage of uniformity in either the process or result. It would, there- fore, be surely preferable to leave the state judiciaries controlla- ble only by the people and their representatives. This would, at least, avoid the diversity of constitutional law in the same state ; and to remedy the evils of a contrariety of construction which might prevail in the different states, it would surely be safer to resort to explanatory amendments of the constitution, than to leave it whol- ly in the power of those whom the public will, which is the very soul of the instrument itself, can never reach. This means of ob- taining the end, it is belived, would itself have a most advanta- geous effects. It would produce a continual recurrence to first prin- ciples, and awaken a vigilance in the public mind, which would constitute the strongest barries against usurpations from whatever quarter they might come. These means would produce a perfect understanding of the restraints which the states have imposed up- on themselves, which is essential to their obligation, and, it is be- lieved, would sufficiently secure theirobservance: Wherefore, 8 3. Resolved by the authority aforesaid, That our Senators in Con- gress be instructed,, and our Representatives requested, to use their best exertions to procure the repeal of so much of any act of Con- gress as provides that any judgment or decree of the highest court of law or equity in any state, in any case in which is drawn in ques- tion, the validity of any statute of a state, on the ground that it is repugnant to the constitution of the United States, may be re- versed in the Supreme Coourt of the United States, by writ of er- ror or otherwise. 4. Resolved by the authority aforesaid, That the Governor be re- quested to transmit a copy of the foregoing Preambles and Resolu- tions to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress. ANDREW S. HUGHES, Chairman. WILLIAM B. O'BANNON, J. DUDLEY, WILLIAM WORTHINGTON. RODES SMITH, r.BALLINGER. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report of a committee of the Senate of Kentucky, 1824 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0062 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Rare Pamphlet 328.2 K37 1824 Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky. Court of Appeals Courts Banking law Obligations (Law) Law and legislation Kentucky Politics and government States' rights (American politics) Intervention (Federal government) Replevin Federal-state controversies Land titles--Law and legislation Debtor and creditor Exclusive and concurrent legislative powers Description An account of the resource Report of a committee of the Senate of Kentucky to which was referred that part of the governor's message relating to the decisions and jurisdiction of the federal court. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kentucky. General Assembly Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1824 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource report Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 19th century 1820s Banking law courts creditor debtor federal-state controversy government Kentucky Court of Appeals land titles law Legislation Nullification politics Replevin States' rights https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/3b6b64d07169281863eb788595b892c4.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=Sz9jyETJd4JuSH2%7EVTi0iS8JMSF7ihNC%7E3d1qOItSUEY-M9bbxVf-tCwsggZpmISjocepTHedKLmLxO79fplmvPzr-xCVH%7ECyhVTMoFUL41SdwTGIqj1ZMogwa7U50JLVANeYNwo6zTcACw0uA3ElkZ9bcMYWw5rcZUDhfIINnrQCwlJYAgR4KUJdJm3IWEHVGQ9Sl1ggpMPQOcvRMfdtXOWpiSwhx8aUrvLbwuiHKIMkkymrUeVZh4iTcUY9sc3GPzr31SMoxrYRz9JkbqIZE4tt7qtw%7EKIW4UFJbwhzOzMCtnAZVOH1KVKky5NWnWxjikL0gU90BKCxKqSNPVnvA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7adc7c3fd04d02139fde49edd5fe02ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fellow citizens, of the sixth congressional district: composed of the counties of Mason, Bourbon, Nicholas, Fleming, and Floyd Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, Filson Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0028 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Rare Pamphlet 328.092 T461 1803 Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky. General Assembly -- Officials and employees Kentucky -- Imprints -- 19th century Kentucky -- Politics and government -- 1792-1865 Frankfort (Ky.) -- Imprints -- 19th century Legislators -- Kentucky -- Conduct in office Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Philemon, Thomas Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 1803 continental army government Kentucky General Assembly Legislation pamphlets politics https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/1d56c29961c0bb47d2cbf15083d62a75.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ZUqT553sntRF9IYDafEalT0L%7E02YM72i38VKvFKdOTcP3H%7EjLU0tb9JcQqd-GR9pOIrobf-9RC9I7GkQb65tgOh8XENdCyDhFheL%7Eqkn3wYstQnbvz2ZQSXjCVM2pqmlfy4oVmpcCde41UH2xbLQhaQm0N-LsykmKGGOEU7KrMumFIfq51WOmr8KWTTCY72dIRgSUw09qHU59w-brKnQraRZcIOCX3vxP1XmnTbyrj2%7EzYpvK6ivswCzgTcGJnEpYgXhu78ngp1ynnLYfS%7EEZ0dQl6SO-ftk-0v9MIvq9Vj3GOEtp5xMUPDmJU87599suRI5tYRa092igDXIQ2rZtg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ac3686b8d6113976e9700a3f1f6dae44 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report of the committee appointed on the tenth ultimo, of the memorial of the legislature of Kentucky, 19 March 1806 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, Filson Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0025 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Rare Pamphlet 328.3412 U58 1806 Subject The topic of the resource Ohio Canal Company -- Appropriations and expenditures Canals -- Kentucky Finance, Public -- United States -- History -- 1801-1861 Falls of the Ohio (Ky. and Ind.) -- History -- 19th century Washington (D.C.) -- Imprints -- 19th Century Description An account of the resource Denies the request of the Kentucky legislature for aid in opening a canal to avoid the rapids of the Ohio river. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Congress, United States Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1806-03-19 congress falls of the ohio Legislation Ohio Canal Company Ohio River Ohio River Valley https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/3a396dfb73756a2c21cd711385bfe789.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=Dbh5gkVNz9JhJ0jq5HKcJA7J9EvPctLzALNzyKy%7Eh90fk5EQwu8r2JDmECq%7EIZpubHZXQ4oLzRklwZ6gdPrThlEtRZd5FGzAiC5uQhzwo2DaPz732%7E0uCKMD2Yna8PiuziEssQ2wEjWO42o4gnbrEx3IIDBi5FFQo2NBZRHCpdP1tNtF43EOn30mFJ%7E5ZbJoopE4S8puMIdyyt3YoKe%7E%7EvXe3rhth0m9vaMZueNdmrzhg5KFMfIiSg1W5%7EMwS3HjLw9dIDmMgc6kHCZL9fu2UrZ7reOoGmG5gxDxIKiQL-EU-D-fUIowv2AifjbJEZugvgBUJ1FW022EJ0VyCyfplg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2d7988ed27419b76f363dfe97b5a9aa2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Acts passed at a General Assembly in Richmond, 1 May 1780 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, Filson Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0014 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Rare Pamphlet Closet 348.755 V815 1780 Subject The topic of the resource Law -- Virginia -- Early works to 1800. Virginia -- Politics and government -- 1775-1865. Virginia -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783 -- Sources Virginia -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783 -- Law and legislation. Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 -- Sources. Virginia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 -- Law and legislation. United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783 -- Sources. Richmond (Va.) -- Imprints -- 18th Century. Slaves -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- Virginia. Session laws -- Virginia -- 18th century -- Sources. Description An account of the resource Many of the acts pertain to the Revolution, including acts to provision a militia for the relief of South Carolina, to punish desertion, to provide better wages for those guarding the frontier against Native American attacks, to establish the town of Louisville, to authorize the citizens of Georgia and South Carolina to remove their enslaved persons to Virginia for safekeeping, etc. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource General Assembly, Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1780 African Americans conflict desertion enslavement Frontier government Legislation Louisville Native American politics Virginia law https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/01867dac9d8944b3f2cc3b7676a2b4b8.jpg?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ZMkgakDDrdF5M3uvqZAEeQb2-xBxbfp3imRJrum7K4TLEhjbimnWqCC9YiB2QAnAmXefEd2hp96P7DZSYwHdJjv6yFQMdFgi%7EE7lFEX7T94r4nW4Apx5e7jwUCneIFY1Sl3C66VpMh2qX0H5vMDC%7EdejAaZYORMhR0mUhVQH%7E7D5Gi56rr6VgEQ2DVyJbUxmSEsjdHE9kbudraQXqFgpEX0Aj3B7P6IHcta1CiVKdui3-PF1f6Anq0TqGVo89X1Co-lozssdwYRvW%7EfitG1siIiZdl3k1EMGd3AgMmTEBnmNoKQdVwXW6Qw5BKTmL4U-FLs%7ExDJvLiJqYxpG6cs2iA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 705514ba30433b9d6dfd94057fb284b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An index to the laws of Kentucky, 1795 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, Filson Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Relation A related resource bbf0005 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Rare Pamphlet 348.769 K37i 1795 Subject The topic of the resource Law -- Kentucky -- Indexes Kentucky -- Imprints -- 18th century Lexington (Ky.) -- Imprints -- 18th century Description An account of the resource An index of Kentucky laws passed in June and November of 1792, 1793, and 1794. Calculated for the use and convenience of magistrates, attorneys, sheriffs, clerks, coroners, and others, who are necessitated to have frequent recourse to the law. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Stewart, J. H. (printer) clerk law Legislation magistrate sheriff https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/34455/archive/files/8bb7eaf47c69dc06cd5c6e7b7e40dff8.pdf?Expires=1779926400&Signature=Hejzjf8khA5k1mUkrDLEC7v4fzefvmQIeq4sLYRlnUFm18ToMNwJpPPOmaDV0-%7EkuPjXrcq6ROO9rtJ2KfqgF2HV3tcAaFcbrVaxkuZxOUGXf8h8g0LmhAwnZQ7N9bQ99h03jyHi4FuVXRTHUq5SncbqiWDlVDLE7fKKLRmOm6ttIKpRh1JdAgvd%7ERZMJ3nor1KHhi6XWL2cg8gAT6Xpoh02pFatN0lLHpV%7Eohcsc47mZlOLwvteRyhTAqS0dtSx7iVNX66hR9lA6cweUixsHWRxZQ0YhfxB00Sh6hpEatdQ641nBRktt8HM7tKSMbHH%7EcdRsOCekDRu8gpY31WRDw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 35a825ae5d894571605acfdc8d947d99 PDF Text Text • OF THE BY A PROTE ST AND RESOL UTION S, - ;~:'. ·- OFFERE;A BUT REPUS~ D TO BE PRIN.TED, ~ ·' B ·Y .d YOTE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRE SENTA TIVES; ~f » - ON THE MOTIO N Tp PRINT S.IJ.ID PROTE ST. ·, FRj\.N KFOR' I': PRINTE D BY J, H, IIOLE~U l'f, . - HINTER FOR TIIE ST.Lff. ' ,- 1824. • �, .,. ~- f ,: • - ' , ( .t:c • i a ~ • •__ THE · ti.ndersigned a member. of the house of representatJ.y~s. . of th!:' gel)eral asi;eml!ly of the ·state of,Kentucky, deems· it proper i·es'pectfully to enter this his p1·ofost · against the, preamble . .~ a~d resolutions introduced by the hon . .John Ro,van, a ' member of this·ho1;1se from the county of -Jefferson, anil whic~ • passed day of this sc~sion~,rh ich .resoh1tions .,. U!Js house on !he · • ~ . • _ are as follows, :v.iz ~ . lth ~f'K;en. t Commonwea the of Legislature. '~ Resolv.ed by the tucky, That-they do m·ost solemnly 1n-otest against the docfrines i1r<nnulgated in that decision, a$ ntinmis in their practical effects to the good .people ef t;{i_is commonweµlth, ·and' subversi'Ve oj their'.; . • dea.rest and most in-valuable politic'al rights. aforesaid, authority the by ved further-J"esol hereby s i , it "Aml That if the decision s{wul<l not~ by the com·t, be ·re-viewed, or re= i!ersed ; b1lt sh91tld bi attempte_,4 to . b.e e1ijorced upon· the good fieo,. . ple ·o.f thi$:-'6ommonwealth, ·the 'legisla(ure cannot, ong(it Jiot/ g.nd will not-, fu·rnish any Jacilities· for its .e11jo1·ce1nent-011, the contrary_, that it# lhe b011nde.n diit:i{~J any.legislature, in _'Vindicatiq:n of the 'rights iif the .people, an<l _the gi:eat principles upon' w_hich thos.e rights, depend~ t.o withhold the -agency ·of the ministerial o.!fi, cers of the go-ver_n11u/it, from -ass.fsting i1i .,t1ie pra'cti'cal propo;;a,tion of the errone01is. doct1:ine of that decisi<,m ,. at least iintil (JJ.Ji op- _ p<;irtimity~bl' affor<led to the people qf1 explori·n g tlie· ne'l5) theo1·y of ,.,~ . , .• •. ·: .., ,., obligµtion; w,fiich it aUe!npts to ·esta blish. '"; Resolvecl further by the auth9rity aforesaid, T:hat itQ e_ffort "l.Vlitcl~ (he. legislatnre mayJeel it a ~uty to 1110:kt;~ for the eontr'a1Jention oj,:the 1,rrune01is .doctrine of that decision, onght 1wt to interfere with,. f !J' obstruct t.he. administration ef justice acc.ording to the existing laws,.which; 1ohethcr·t.hey were, or were not expedient, are believed fo ,be l¼!nstitntional and, valid-,,;;;:=an<l wAi~h s/Jo1iltl when if shalt be thong ht . e;r;pedient. ta- do so; be_, repealed by the . •• · . Le gi slatiite, and iwt_ by the-JJupellatc Con rt,. • .!11id 7ia-ving petjprmrct this 'pa,i1ifnl. d1tty,}he !,egislatiire w01ilcl with much pl:easure, -h(i-ve-, with<lrrnunfi·o.m, the conteinplation •of (t • s1ibject so intrinsicalty djsagrceable, , .iff the:' existing state 0(0 tb,.fo.gs h_ad pcrmi'tted. 'J'h:e: p.eople. ef, l,Ceiitiicky .' thou,g h embar-_ r assed, were not hopelessly tlepressea~. TrustiJig-in. th~ goodness: . • _of Heaw.1L and .their own streniwus exertions_:encoiir,age<l by the· • -1:croards, _which a p,i•olijie _s.oil,, 1rnde1· the i1,jfoences o.f.a g_e1ii'al ii. �[c ~:f, ..... _ ,.r ii rL mt~, a~o-Me£J;-'to-; cJ4fJ~uf s of lmsb~nd.1,y,..:._They\ ,;uI so mit.~ ~~ . _;_ ~ -- , y;ateil/t11;_:: 'r i~0r-stJJ'-'tlfeir remed~al !ystem, ~!! L~gif!lati-ve•enact"'})teJils, ·as , to tn§pirit"~h.ope; _•a:t1sd+n:i;ygorate- industr;y-Uiey. wer~:,_ . nUing .l;tabi_ts <ff.increa_§_~d ,f C01wflty,· witlt, those o· i tidustry~ they ~ • ·. stiU _enjpy"ell. in dfe1·i:ght qf s~lfgo-ve: n1_n·e!it-,,. lhe·blessJng~-of lih~i·- . ·t1J, an<l they ~,ere cheered, by..the, CQn-viction t[w·t their diffi,cuUie~ ..'" . 1mist, at no-:dis-tant p!;_riod., yielcl to--c#i.f.ii- increased ec0-1tomy and: r begin1iing to ·dis 'e' '_ :their i1idnstry -'thi light"of prospe1;fty wa f. again ~la~ cou;r.~ of( ll'J]Pf the n J_i-w~te ! the' 11:jJon . play 'it,~fait}it da_w ning.s , i'he nahon ,ancl s_tale, ( oy fq'[lsenta:nemis .impulseJ as if tfi the ,nelJ! ' .~to ex e·mplijy the #l'Usi-ve nat1ire ef._hOJJc an,Hfwfatlacy of.tlu:fafr.Z, i st •p,;ospects, 1ittere,!l' their ·res]iecti've edi,cts.' ·The j(rt1Jtfr pw'{ • claimed. tl(q;t the .state·vjKen_tiicf.y p<J . s~ssed no Legislati-oe:jl,iimin: , . · • __tt:n<oi,er- -: ts. o._iJ,-"tli,datte,i- J7iaHMLegis{amir:e of the ,sta_fe-, pasTh1:_ laws. l reiimlia s it· rn,odif.11 -~esseµ,ti:iFpowei· tiJ,alre1·, a1n·en<l or Jor1.n,e1~dieftancltised tlte 1St(lte,, and. ,recfoced it to the _degra<Je<l · - ~StJ.~re) (a._prcro_jnce"ef f i1i t11Ja~t}u i: laiter·1le11.~edft~:it e~en pro . !Vincwl_J.,egi-sl-ati'Ve powers. , The' en·or .qf the: latter.;·haS'_ ~r:en"t"x -,.-. f osecl-Fora1~ ex positirm -eftf~e e-rror of the forme:r, rej er~nrif ,is, _, , maae to a petition under tl.!e si;gntitm:e of J0l['n ·llow.an:and _Henr'!J.· ,. C(ay ,_presente d to that coiwt ·fqr n relteur_:1,,in-g-i1i t¼ cg,sJ:.,<f/l Greeft , •, unil- Bidlfle,. the -case in 'which .t.he odi oii.s doctrine was p1·oclaim ~d .. :~- ::n<l" to __°: i e.i-i-es ot nunibi?:dfu;blished 'in~-tl,e .'' ~o-mme~tatoi·'" 'un::_ ' . ;. 'dC;_r. the.~signat11,re ef ' f H unrµhr ey .1\l at·sJ1all':- 'l:n w Inch the rea-. ~.. '~oni'nf 'employed in the petitio.n, is ct'bl,y _illustrated; mitpliJi.,ul-iJ?n~ -enjorr;,_c{l_;_ tlwse d.o.c1i1!rents µ:re :connected._lierewith g,n~ j;;heji· iea.~· ~ ~o;ifo-g,,.[tdt?J!ted-._. TJie, declaratii;ui ·b.!£. th~Jp_:eople, qt /!(e;ntuck~, tit~-~ • ~they,, wil}' be . fr~e 3 vq1tld ~e SJtpe1:f!i~ous~t1rey. .ctin?wt., ,until tlie;t;. -ziabits and nature nre chui1.gec1, be other'tvise.:-:,_<t·nd 'tlufy. ·91ave no. ·' :jJi·eference· forju~}cial ·tyrann y-they .will· not . tol~rare·· t?1ranny: , -~1t1id-er:any ljisg_n ise; lm f while they·ablwr ~opp1:essfq1i nn?ler what:,,. e:ve1~inas~; they lO"Ve order,-.and. will noi -p'iQlate it, ilin{il.. no other- .: ~ . ·' • .. • ,. • ,, ·'- · -., a{te1,·11(tti-ve is, left." , _Wherefore-, • : • i.Ith of _Ken:,_ . mon:ve;: o.m_ C the of., . ·: • "'Re~?l"ml,by the Leg·islahi}'f anil. , ... the-na1he in p1·ote~t y -sofen!nl 1nvst hereqy do _ tlaJJ ( a 1'h_ ~faJCf Y.,: w ·, , . e01J.s,-. 'thtr.crrq1i .agaiJi~l : on the: be-,halj of tln: gp,od people qf Kentuc,W1 . ', re1i1e the·;s11.p of _ lipinion th~ of. s doc,trfiie g (leg.:;,adin d n a· 1ts, .. "'i1(71i1·i0 at t!t ef _ session -~ast tliefr "G_qiirt qi.tit~B nitetl S tfites, 1n·o1vmnqcd at . c_ourt, • in the case- of Grepn _and .l}idJ_l:e. . 0 ·.1111rl.. • it is jii,rtliet; • •-:Resohie~l, :J.11,.af; tltiJ ~egi.slatwre .ongl~t, ~s the 6r~_t;· 11iea:su.re> tp; a-i!O}d the,oppress.ion tt;Jid lieg'1;q.dq,toon i1"dli,cted by _the 0R:_i1iw1i upml . 'i tlie _stat! _qf 1cen(1ifk1J, '. to present to the Co1ig re__ss- of ffN?, J Jniter.J,. States, a tempe1:ate-·bJt~jir1_n remonsfran.ce a;g.a~nst its iloctriiu;s- · ~'!,n<l:therii~i to,'cal("Jipon tlte -.~(ltiQn to,,p;.uarantee to tlte state its ' . ~re1mbli_can Jor1n ef g qi!eriiment~ .and :its ~.i::oaequal sove:reign-ty • w ith the. states whi ch compos._f "t!Jis unio~a n¢ . ,th_af a, coin-mitteeef two·11iemfers jrom the flenate.>a1_u[Jo1t.r/! 01n ·tlte Haus~ of j,le:--, -1--- ' ,\-:-: -.:-... .{ . •.. ,.,__.K •• _""I • /'~; -.· , _ ~ �.. ' t . . p1·esmitati-ves,., be appointed to• p1·epare ~.and . report such 1•emon:. 'Stra1ice/' ,·· · · ~ •• J· · • • · ' • . • .• .' . ,: · - . · • ;,.;- • • , As. it appears -to this prot.~~fau..t ditficuJt tO''p,erceive where'th e .~ Jfoi1se _of reJH'Csentatives"oav~ a~xed tef; these. resolu'tions, w_ba~ . ' 1na-y be styled apreambl 'e, or what may be _the ·. reasoning odl1e r emonstfanc;~ o( Henry. Clay and John Ro\van·; O_ll the (,✓ritt!.'i rr : speech.of John Ro,van ):and the news:-papet\ css_ays of Uufnph~ rey Mai•shall, those documents ,·bch1g .connecteil witlj the reso•·. lµtions; ,afuHheit· • reason~ng hy~th~ ho.;use ex.J>ress1y l!,<lop ed._ ft~_m .this considera tion; lhis protestan t will be excused, if_in: --~· his;v.iew ?f tlie pr~ceedings,against .which-he pr~te,sts, _he ·shaJl· • mistake-the ineaning of the-house, a_ild _call that-pre-aml>le w~1i~h the a.(1tl10r~ of the procee<lings intended as a ·speech~ or fhat ,a · •~eech which 1:he.r. i_ntendecl for a pream_ble-:-th~ novelty as well,. ' as thee19Pai-..riissmeqt :of lijs s.it~atioh, wilh:-e aa~y b.~. perceived w_hm1 it is refollecfed tMt (or the:Jirs-t time, this b·ody Jias not on_ly . adovted certain res0Jt1tions, but the reasonin gs of nJwsp·a pcr ~i, :: sayists and remonstr ators,-.or petitione rs .out of the legishitu re. lncleed it is believ~d to~be~the fih;t .P.recedent 1'n the atfuals of J_e• .. gislatioJ1, that ·the essays in a newspaper, and'the speech or peti. · .. tion ,of'a la~yer, was ever· 'solerfinly-, by a v9te .of a legislatu.r ~,.. raisecl to the clignity of a-state paper. 'l~his. protestan t'belit~ves .. ! hatllf~pe'ople elect me.m~ers tothe legishtttU-;e, to rep,resent_'them, , ~; • do their bu~iness, ~_!ld not to. act ;_tS rede~wers of news.paper , • ,,, essays, or tlie ,canonfa,ers of' particular political tene,ts . . He he• _•.1 .:f. l ieves it belongs j:o the twelfth century, or to~the i:lii,y:s of Henry " •!he 8th of England to give standard s of faith, and oethodox rea. • , • · soning7 that it is now the .province o.ftl1e-Et lin'btirgh or Norm--. ·.' • An1e;ican rey-iewers,-0r other qritics, to apRr.(lbate and ·cano9iz& tlte+easo ning,in the pet~tions to courts, newspa~er eff)~stonsr or essays;.·H <ds leclsto the,«:onclusiiir, .that while ttiehouse~of rep- , !_'esenfatives wei,e pt;otes_ti'ng ag~inst tlie usur11ing 'dtictrines _O'r. ,.· -c,ourts, tlrny shou!d have carefulJy _abstained from usurp!ng tt1j}_• • high prerogati ves of these reviewer s.or newspap_er eritics-. Fo1~·- . .if it be not,an usurpatio n in this house, rept;es.enti_ng the .peonle , .; as th ey do, ,to_ adopt fo1~ the people, the pamphlet 's arul newspa}-. per essays of any o.ne, as stan<lfl,r<l authol'ities, in coi:.i..s truing tJieir constitut ion,.. the reso1utions adopting •t bese pamr1blets and . •• , !•ews paim·ess .ays, are surefy b{nding upon tf1~ puhhc;'and ev-. _ ·cry man is bound to look ~-i nto the political w-orks .so adopted, ~;; ~ kt>y to, !,l,nd a hindi11g·a uthority upon _ hirri.., The b.ook. style.I tl1e, Fed-era!ist~ is a..hook,of higtrnuth qrity-:it' is a work of tln:ce ,. uisfinguis'heJ t)atriots- but'.it iiever wa·s. cano)1fac1l_by Jegisl.a• _tiv~ e11actme nt~we may lidieve, . or 11ot beli eve its di1ptrint s; . • • .. but the maj?rity- h_ai e .fo?' the goo~people; not left the .woTks of. · !,iessr,s .. Clay, lh1warc and Mars'!Htll • to ·s11are the fate- -9f t ho.so · .;. .'1 o_f 11.amiltan;, Jay ,anu Jf1adison·; '. they_ha v( ·a1opted the11i s~le_mh•,,· ', •. . t. ... -• • •. <" • �. \ •~; fr' J , fai.n;," • '. Jy as He~ ry,th'e eighth a~lopt~d l1is:tlfi rty·-~h1e at:ti~)es of sane- , :the apply to a~d it o.n)y. remai1_1s fof the Iegis_la ture, d a.<lopte thes~ to give fo' l(Lw, his tions 'wbtch be appliecl to good the , of ces nscien o c_ • the ufJOn tion obliga sani~ the ·works , enpeople .of·.this ~o.mmonwealth; wlikjl his had u{>on the corsci . power no 'found has tant vrotes this s ·Bu(a ts. ces of his subjec I peo_ ,th¢ µpon [<wee to se, author il;mg- thein ~ delega ted to tlii.s ,ho~_ .s. reaso1i . their ·bttt_ tnen, ular par;tlc ·or ns p_le, no_t only the•o,pinio res9• for 'their opinio ns. ·_ He' dis's ents from so mucf1 Qf tlie said• -. reason the do]5ts' a · , Rowan ' _lutior1s o'ffei•ed by ·t-he satd Jobn Mar:. hrey H~1mp nd a _ . Clay :H,enry ;, Ilowa11 Jolin said fog ofthe tnr~~ ~haH, as . deroga tory to: the dignity a,nd· duty , oftl}_e legisla triary arbitr an int'Q e r tu. ·legisla said e1·ect to and as caleul ated poli-·. . •\nn~at., to)e'gi slate ttpo·n the qtpaci tics and ·mer~ts of party pea-. • tidans or rie,1'sp aper essrt'yists,. i'11stead of rel?resenting_ the • .' • - ..•.. :_ 11Ie:in. their sovere ign capaci ty oflegi slators ; • house J)oes, the nd a _ 1 en,: mistak Qe should Rut if •this protes tant review; , . ign sovere ~ of _ pttwev the: 1 s posses , ituti-on t cons. the, _lln~for' s .oj .fo_nim t1te in lioiise" -this· ers of-the political essayi sts withi11 froni ts·, dissen he ,.dierl s-tdte-, o'fthe apers 'newsp e th, or tlle _nation to ·-. the reasqn ing so ·adopted . . If th~s "p~rote·s tant ha.s • been a-ble Clay Henry ~ R0wan Juhn said the ing,,of reason u'ntlers tand _the Sll•. ,., and H_um_plirey Marshall_; in' relatio n to the . Jle.cision of the~ the to t exhibi and shew to them by ed pi·eme court; it is intend n o C- . suprem e court'ar1d 'the pu~lic, that when the sevent h sectio sts,,intei·e ahd s e,right pr_iv~t all _ the 9om11act with Virg,(nia says oth-. in or sts, i11to.re and· rights rivate_ p . som·e m1'ai:1s 9nly it • ti1at - . -er·wortls, that_a r•ight by' patent , is 'no .i'ight; within the 'mean: ; s, author tl:ie ·by tood un'det;s :doubt no is is t....::...th h1g of'Hie compac ~ hut too refined · for this.pr otesta nt-and· y'et this ·.is . the ·reason • fQr ing re_aso-n tive legisla as d 'adopte is wl1ich _iug ·employetl, and adup .: . -this house. This protes_tant dissen ts fron\ th e pream ble iri ned contai es doctrin the _ froin ted bY,. the 1hajo~-ity......:.not only ,and. tarit, prote~ this of rtion the·opi ' in e .b~caus ·but ble, _said. pream e tJ1e accqrd ing to his b,est co·nvic tions, said pream ble fails t0.sfat that ~nd : co,urt, e supr1,1m the pf ns opiili'o' , ·of'the . natm·e and effe~t s,t ates,, of the cou1:t _pf appeals of th,_is stat(} tru'r-y'. This pr~tes tant ity, th at tliose opinion.s ·ha~'e been •misnn-d erstoo d by th~ maj,or .and· .hy them .( rio. doubt unintehtioi)ally )' discolo red· ,a nd misrep }lage ln • h._ nwealt commo this /f < rese-nfed to tl'ie good peopie iritheof-s~id -iweamble, among other things -highly colore d;, arid the when_ . that _ said his _ ed; •. opinion 9f this protes tarit, ..distort im~ s. tarieou conscn lly , e stat_ d: an , nation the of appellate courts, hope,. pulse, as if.in th e y'iew .fo exemp lify· the. illusi ve mitt.ire 0f -iycl'('sp¢ct their uttered cts, p1·.ospe fairest : and the fa~lacy of the posses~ · edicts, the forme r procla i•med that -tl1e state of Kentu cky e_le• se<l no legi$lativc dominion o.,yer its· ~-< >il-the . latt~i, thaJr°th now a~ .~o r • J �~islaturz.:_ofthe siat~JlOS!Je_s;ed ho power.'to alteh am~nd 'or mod'!,, ify;-its remedial laws-the tormet having disfranchised' tbe state; 1 an,d reduced it -to the degraded posture of a province of Virgin,ia--theJatter deriie~ it even ·provincial .l~gislativ~ powers. This ,,. protestant was once ·c;11eercf with a hope i,hat the fallacy and in.,_ . accuracy.: of the~e statements liad been so well ~~xpo~ed (o the , con~ld1:ratio_n.._0ft~e 1~aj9i:ity, that they cou!d.have,. ~ i_iho4t do_ubt . r.emoved .from theu,· Journals, statements ,so varient from what lie believes to be fa?t, ·and so hig,llly dishonorable if true, to the state. _ It.is·enough· fgr the .state to feel hel' dignity insulted, ber c11aracter degradr.d,; buno. reflect t hat _here we hav~ sealed with · ilie vote'of a majority,_.the melancholy and · odioqs charg~, is too humiliating to b_e submitted to by this 11rote,;;tant; without expo1fog to, lji's ·cornitituents, the 1~-icorre.ctness of the statement~ so entered upon .-.ec:o~ 'l?his protestant denies that Kentucky is ~egraded-tha t she: e,,er~ca1i be degraded-and · not,vithsfanding be does not deem it necessa!'Y or propel'· for him to justify -tl1e reasoning of the supreme court:, or to pronounce,."the decis.i~n of t,h at court~ to be correct ; -.still he is . far •from ad1nitting . c1ther that the-supreme court has been guilty of, us_urP,ation, 9r •..,.. that tlley _have taken fr.oln this state the right of SO'\:'ereignty, or . the po,v~er tjf I~gislating over the soil ~f Kentucky, as is assert• ed,in this preamble. • By tl1e·seventh section '.of the act of ·{he l . . Virginia assembly, -commonly styled th~ compact,- it is'.p r9videll ihat all private righ!s·an~ interest!3 of lands witlii.n ."tile _µistl'ict, deriv_ed from -the Ia,vs of Virgitiia; prior to suclr ·sepa'ration_, shall remain valid and · secu1·e undec •the laws of the prof>ose(l state, (that is, Kentucky] and shall be deterini(led by the-laws i.!_o~ existing in this §tate; fthat is, -Virginia) . . ~his compacfis made a part of our ·constitution,•and of course . is paramount _to any act of-theMgislaturl!. It -r.emai·ns th.en to .inquire wlmt fr- · ties this:compact operates ~on . • Shrely none but titles -<lerived_• from Virginia prior \ o 'the .separation, a1td only' on ,· tlteQI; wher, their vaJidityjs drawn in question. The s111n:()me coqrt, in a • case in which ·Green's patent -from Virginia, ,vas 'so drawn·in question, and decided.to be valid, say~ th.a t the laws of Virgin_ia, in farce at t~e time of sepa.ratio.11, and not s_ubse:qu~nt Ia,t_s Iilade by-Kentucky, fo1:mM _a"rule ..._fot• their decision, and H1at . ,the occup·a nt law of Kentucky (in rela~ionJ o that contest) was· :not valid. But does tlui.tJJ1-event t~is st1tte from' legislating o.: . ~er our__-soil, orin other _wot'ds, _does it deprive ~eutucky of he1,· powers·· 9flegislative dorninio1i and sqve_teignty over 1,er soil J •. or doe·s- the d~cision .go the -length ,ex,pr~Ssed in said-p.r~eambJ<e, f!thrit Kentucky is reduceil to the degrti.ded posture of a pro-vince ?:' Does it, in ~ther \Vords, rende1· "Kentucky less sovereign than". · anyither state in the union, tha( ha,s : made a coritrac,t fefa.tiv" -~ her ~oil, or..J h.at bas assumed up_oi:i herself, the power.s ofie!f-., • - --- ~ , .... . ¥ ~... - . .... �) . ... f a pa~·ti~f ti •If. it~ ~overnment~·subject :.~estrict1dns ~el~t.-;~to so;!, .and guJtran~eed by express .t reaty,_~gainst a ~r:each of)1e compact by / the exercis·e . of such sovereignty ?' . I~ Kentuck y less sovereign than the .gtates of Ohi9, "Indiana, IUinois, • ~fasouri, Louisian a, Mississippi, or Alabama, that .on entering into the·thara cter of statE,:s, each agreed that large portion's oftbd.r, . soil s_hould not only be stibject.to tl1e c-0ntrol of Congr.esst,but Hable 'to b_e granted by congress ; arid · e~'en •that the powm-o f taxa,.tion should cea!{e for unUrnitecl periods ? 'Is she especiaUy less so,·ereign tlrnn the state of. Ohio',-tlui soirof wliich state is, daily entere~d uy V:irginia offic:e rs. and soldie1·s •,up,on contir~ental • e.stablish1tiept? Is &hdess sovereign .than Tennes~ee, tha:t by c9nt1•actbetweon h_er and Kentuck y,holds .it least ·cme· milliof!'. ~f acres of vacant la.nd, subject to ·sale and grant by Kentuck y ? If the supreme court ,vere· to decide that 'fe!rnessee was bou_nd by her contract with, Kentuck y, would we not con'demn~th1.rf og1slatirn act·or that stat1t,'that should proclaim the resp!]ctabh~_ state of 'l'etme'ss.ee degraded , b_ecause :she ,vas ·coin elled to ob-. •.s1wve i11 good faith, J1er_~oritracCwitl! Kentuck y! -Suppose ~he . state of Ohio, or the othfl' states melltione.d, were . to pass laws ·injuriou·s-to the rights o&the officef:s and soldiei;-s of the 1~evoh.1~ tion; 01· .in violation of the rig!1fs of the :national governm ent to . • ,Uspcise of the vacant lands within ~uch s•ucl1 states,; ,vould it not . h~ stra•nge, if the supre.me court shou)JJ oe _b randed usurpers , if, : in a case br?ught b_efore them, they were to decide the act of, .sucli ~ta!e void} What has ihe supreme ccn1rt -~one o~__said r Why, that K'etitucky as a~sovereign ·stat.~ was able_ Jo~ contract wjth 'Virgin'ia, and did contract with .her, and th:at therefore thtf rights derived by ifittividuals from tl~e state of Virginia before the se1fa1·ation,_shall -remain valid and secm·e,' and be · decidecl ~y the )aws .in force iri Va. be101:e th~ separatio n, al!d_at the ti!}1G' of rnakh1g ttie compact. . Does · this depfjye the state .ofKentl! cky . . of its so,vereigti Pinycr to legislate trner t he soil, as is a~lcdg·ed,. ,and votdl to be ·true by the "1lajority? Ma>7 I ask if.the de:cis-' ion of tbe Sll'ptet'ne tou1:t pr~v_ents the state .from taxing ~II be'r ]~l)•~s, fr.om · subjecti~g . them .to liigh-,~·a_yfi~ e·i:ecting yn~th~m, • ferries, towns, and puphc arsen.rls ? . Docs 1t pr:event her from:: • p1·ondin~ by la_w, _.t he course (!f descents, as to~lands~th e moue of devise and conveyance· of them-t4 e right of dower, of escli~at a~d .forfeiture, :\n<l ~a thq·usand o'ther; acts of. legislative ·doti::rin)on o.v edhe soi).- _W'hen,.thrs ought to be known to all_; wh~n• the·whole statute books of the .state, the, cotlrts of tlie state, all .• decl'arc; when the acts oflegisla tive·sove,:eignty, ovei· _theJ~I)_ds . of,mo'reJhan on_e individual_., at the j,resent s~ssion, declare; tha " • Kentuc~ y is 1,ot .dispo.sses.sed of ]eg!slative: ;'.d0Jnir!i911, ov·e r • ou3 v the in it, exercises , antl possesses she that soil ; but modes jn whicli a SOYereign power CaJ:J, be exerted for....t e goud , 0 i-l s· J �of.th e pe;,plc, -save in the individuaL: ase,. wher ~in sh·e bas de-' --~~ dare d it to be her sover eign wjll, that a "pa:r ticnla:r cf!lSS -0f titles sh:tll be enforced ahd held \'alid unde r the laws ofVi!'gini.a', • _in forc;e at the date of the compact. Can this prote t;lnt_do less . • . tlian expose the error -of the· majo rity, ,b y ~nyi pg that--sh ~ is _dcp,·i l'eu of dominion. over her soil? _ ~ • ' 'I'fiis pr-otcstant can but remi nd this hou~e that ,these · stl,\te·men ts ai-c gene rally , not !\S to the legis lati,,e dominion over the soil n9w, but forev er, when they must ackn owle dge ~hat the-de• cision only applies to a speci al and parti cular title, and that con- tests upon that ki_nd of title_have nearl y cease d, and "in a fow ye;u·s, from the natur e of thing s, : there can neve r al'ise one in . ,, the state • why then anno unce the fact to the tucky ·is drgratle!l; and that the.opinion has_ world that Kentak~n from h~r ie,gislati\"e domj•nion over_-~he soil ? ~ _ • • • _~ _ ~ . •:.: • .. • Equa lly objec tiona ble is .the state)p'ent of the maj,/ 1.fty, . tfi-at . " the -~:0111·ts acted by consen'taneous impu lse, tliere by sh'on gly in- ' • sinua ting· that there \vas an unde_rstand ing betw:een ·1 he·co urts;.. aud that 'they were m~,·ed by· impulse, ~nd not by judge ment ·; this p1·otestant disse nts from this stater pent, arid ..declar!Js_ th;tt - so far· as . he _know s or believes the im1111(ation inten ded to_ be , con vey ed, is ,\;id1out. foundation 1 and grow s oiit .oUh e uninte.ntiona l e1~1·01·, (no dotibt of the_-majo rity;) But this prot~sta'r1t , _, can but remim l the majo rity ihat it was~ facf well ~nown to all; that the case before the supre me cour t was -decid ed in the v.e ar • 18 20 by that cour t; that a re-:h eal'in g was gr~n ted ana the cause _ was again argue d at)en gtb, ~nil great e:xpen se <> flhis ~tute in Hie. year 1821 . . 'l'h'a t, that coitrtto the tycas ut y took tim e unJ il the Febn 1ary Tet'Ul •1322 , \"._hen their · form er opinion was af- _ Jirmcd. It.also appe ars fro~1 the print ed copy of the dcs;ision, t!iaf tlie -fi'L·st clccision was given by tJu: unanimou s op_inj q:n a)'ld · jadg;c11ret·1t or 9hie f Justi ce _l\:larshaH, Justi ce ·J oh,1iso 1i, Justi ce_Livi1i1gston," Justi ce 'l'odd , and St~wy, .Iusfice, -J usti,~e·- WashingtQrt alone bei1ig absent. The Justi ce Dfa yal second 9pinion ...._ ,yas de! iivercd uy Justi ces ,vashingtoi1, Story , Du\·a l ;i.ntl Iolrn~ -sori -:,ll of whom · affirui the la,v to be _ UIJCO nstitut ional , i\ft·~ : , . .fpstic eJohnson di,;se ntin-g only f'1·ori1 the i·easo ning of t~ ;rest of t,l;e· cou1: t..; This cause was _last decided ii:i ~)hf u, fr '823~ ~ _ ·11av i11_:.;- dep_eniletl •before that c_ou-rt "fot· many years , arid . !_his ~ · 111·ote ~ rnt would c1111uire of the majot·ity, -whe. n outaine.d tt1•eii infol'lnation; a1id"wh:it evidence-t and ·1to_w th_ey hey hare, . tl,1at ti1c S !] pi-errie co:1rt acted. "fro in impul:se ; but the majo rity ~ay, , : ' '' tl_icy ditl, arid that't hat impu1 S:e \v,as consen, _,./. pulse of our Cour t of Appeals: L ~t factst aneo us· with tl!e i:indecide the accu racy ' { pf this assc,~tion ; Wie cause , -decided ~y the cour was not argue d until Jun e' I 823, Ionµ; afte1·the t of' appeals, . case befor e"tl!J} . 'y 1 ,uprc mc co111 t ·had ~ecn 'dispo se~ of. It_was argue d at grea~ \ .n . - - -:., " .1 �J • • , ~-,,. .J and by ·t ; o-vol~1\"!tecr s Mess~ ..fengfl1by t11e-eou nsel em,;l~ye d, e11t hearing,,. that c9 nrt too k Row an and -Ba rry ; and a_fter a pitt,i . • Wit h the,ie facts on hislast ' time to ·defib.er ate unti l Octolir1· {lcopl e deci de ·i1bw 4'a,:- the ma; •id~, this prqt esti i,nt say~. kt the. ng -tha t the · cou l't acte d ·by voti jor ity is just ifie d,_in sole innl x s upr eme · cou rt ; pcrh ,rps t}rn he f} witl . ulse imp ous ane sent con .,,on ly a figu re i·n tltis seri ous •::riiajority ,ma y say they mea nt nteg r i:ty of the ltigh rst co11rt and 'i • -, •-cbll.rie aga-i~nst the hon e.sty own st'at e-l ct all 'who run the,n our of of-t he nati on, ·anrl: that c:i:r,. liut ,diss enff rom 'th_e;pr ac' l!ead , this t(gur.e; this }H'otest ant, an~ trop es t,e nds _ to. deres. figu - ;: tice of legi slat ion, whiclt by o-r the.. nati ona l govepn 'm ent. - •_gra de the func tion arie s of this inst so. much· of the 1=-esoJu,tion~ aga •. T):tis,_prqtestatit_ pro test s ning· of the said Joh n Row aiJ; and prea mbl e as (ado pts th e r easo s h t11re) not, only ns it ap- legi i1,!:h is pam phle t add ress ed to thi& app eals .of't his stat e ; but 11 e. cour.t of , , - plie s Jo the tlecision oftb i11 .the ,1foliti ~al do~ trin es con tain ed inst aga s test pro ; • .esp~c-iaJly om_ igaf olrl_ tile " w eth •._viz :_;,_ -pa ge. 8..:_where he stat es as foJlo d in the civi l than the uat · ,:ali less be not ld wcru t trac •oft he con the;,,o.bligee-' had by, the I'aw of Ul'a lsta te, buh lie tigh t which_ or repa rati on .rQ·r ,11on-1ierform. • natu re ~O - ex.a ct ~J!'formll_nce~ .lltehtl, i'ndulge1~c·e at his disc reC ,, -~.nee, by vfole-nt mea ns 01· to t to t he ci,vil scici ety;, of " 'hich: • tion , helo n~ by tlre soc ial co1?i pac _ _. ." i; •• .he atidstho obli gol' are membe1• I wou ld aa'k ky, t'uc K.en in oxy hod o1·t ' cal ~ _Now if thi~ be;-p oliti the slav e of,: ii fha e· vi-0r ,y tucl :Wli~t righ ts has the ritiz en &f .K~n Her e it.is? na Chi of' i·or mpe E e th of s Ml>rocco, or th~ sup ject mar, in Hie or er, ur,t -h a wlii ch ·dir ectl y asse rted tha t the 1;igh tS' gov.t:o L erec ~mt SlllT is ct, 11t1·a co_ a stat e· of 11atu re had ovcl" his it ct, ntra q c_ o( ts i on to his righ • ernn :ien t; if this b.e true in r elat ch whi hts 1-ig al ~son pe1 ei· ·oth all in _ foUows equ ~lly to be the case, 1·e. T his ~s . not, 1ny . pqli tica l he · pos sess~ed in a state of ilatu , K,entuck ia n ,has son ieth ing len ,_ t:,reed....,..J believe that the· free t he <1L1th-or it y of g·o\:cl'n_me_n t oat -th )1i-m of his_natu ral rig hts as 1'1e has r ende1·ed -up a par·li verJ1im is_- lt1.git~mqte, only-, so-fa1· r iist-:;--fhtl.t ma1i has ·no: righ ts _ Jhe i[! of~ is )'ig hts, . to- be-s ecu red er s all t n gov cmm ent 11110n :hisin a civi l society..:._th at he rend ~ty, has beer the lang uag e oft)' ran,. b_e com ing a mcmbe.r> of, soci . orthodo xy of Mo roc~o, Chi n a,: llY in all age s;it is tl1e· poli tica l fo l'e . ueen tol erat ed in Ken~ •and Rus sia-, but has nev er· he neto th e' ci tiz~n doe s riot, consist! ti1cky. · l hold ·tha t the .free dom of·ii, tlris !eg islu ture, ·hut i'i-r t h-e Jd ~iJ -the pJenitude ofJ)O\VCr dis plaJ s , stat e and _natioi1al, ,yhi ch, tion stftu con the of acy effic g din bin ' pi11:ess, ,a n,! the r ight s of p-ro .s ecu res him -in the pur suit .of hap in;i ola bilit y of. con tr act sthe per ty; one -of whi ch . l'igh ts is, alik i.: fr,om l~gj sl_a t in· ancl111.d i:, -c?n stitu ti,on s whi ch secu re him -;. J:r ' ~ b~ ~~ 0 : �J,, 1 I-laving forthe prcseht .di; posed of the preamble · of said r.~11 .. ll1tion~-• and matle s~icl1 ·pr,si;ing -remarks thereon ·as tltis .pro• 1cstant <leem ~d rertena:nt and neces9ary, this . 1n·otestant. will examine t~e resolutions Jfas~etl !l)' this house, in the ordor iRw hich th ey present tlaeniselvcs. 'f\he fi1-st' resoluti9n is a s·o·lemn protest against tbe derision of t-hc c.o urt of appea1s, under ' -t_he deceptions words "tlie-dolttrin-e;; pmmuJ.gai:eil 'in that ded- _ -sfon," &c. This 'resolution is preceded by an. elaborate pream-. 1ble 1 dr·a ,vn and prcs'ente1f ·to the. house. by the said honorabl e" • .John R_owan, a member-f,·om. Jeffe1·son ·ci,urity; in which he has ,undertak en· to ,shew, that tlt"e _opinion of the court of appeals is< not a,ccoriling to .the seve)•al stahd ar·ds and rules for poljtical :opinio'ns:, which he has ad vanccd au& a<frocates. In sai.d preamble of thit:tf -one Jiages'.J that' gen.tle1Mm •however J 1_as failetl to state the facts of' th.e case decided, ~arttf,to prot'!,:that undert-h.c constitution at\<l form _of'goye1·n111.ent· whicli 1oe hd:ve, tbe_cour.'t . . did not ;P'l'1mounce ajndgme nt'.co11forni-able to the letter a:nd spirit of the const'itutions of both this state and:the United States. He t,as, to -be sui'.e, 'inveighed . against the ,thlctrines of that opinion, ·as well as that of· the supreme court; without deeming Jt a_t all nec·essa·ry to. test I_J ili own reasonin g, by the sforn and . • infiexi:bfo principl~s of tlfe cons titution, a nil the facts in the case :before the nrnrt of appeals.' He lrris. tol-d us, that ¥the hunter could gi-ve time to the trappe1: 'to 1my for ,his skinc1s, or give ti!em away altogethe r. An,! be has furtlier ·informed us, that the rights th e' hunter hat! in a State ot' nature, has heen'surr endered • to g9·vernment. 1rhis l;atter· position I deny; · (an_d. be is, I am happY, fo say, liis owi1 alithoi'ity ,) fo1·. other au.thority, save what the vote against whid1 I protest, shall fui·nisl1, exists ,n·o t-No, we must res'o1·t to the courts of. Moroc~o; the Hey of Algiers, or the Autocr'1t of Russia, for precedet1t; to pi·ove -that th_e rights whlch ~ ma1:_1 ha ~ 111 a state ofnaturc}, aB bclo11g- to go. vernmen t. \Ve do not find it in the F'ederalist; and -othet,i" standard Wol'k8 of ~merican statesmen : but _those expound e~ of the ' constih1tion unfortun ately ar:e thrown aside. It is true the ge,ntlernan ~as op.ened M,olitesquieu, and ha~ also r eforred .to aii<11her c11se, ( f hi ch he ~ays is hi1,h aut~or-ity}:-t!Jat--Gase is in 1-st. Mat·sbal l; and is his ow11: opinio·n,...tfeUveroiliWbwra. ju~e 01 the court of appeals; al1d like his quotation fron~ .Montes- . • quieu, 'p roves ·11either ·01w thing or another. . The position then, that a man s ufreuder s. all his rights to society, must depend-upon the rules anti 1winciples assumed by 'that gentleme n, both as t-o -. natural,a nd politICa!justice.:....this is a case between tire gentleman from J effersou a,~d the court. The -lawyer who argued the c~se has. written a bo0k against the ,opinion. written by tlie• .;ourt of; ;ap1reals. 'l'hejr ?Pinion depends upon a _numero~ • wain .o. f:auU10ri. ties ;' and hi:.. boak, ,upon the w.eight ·o r its on . . · . a �. • , .. . f. - • . y • ted. by,th is house. .As the Jaw of cve1· . . ,..,.-.t y, ,unti l adop 0.u t~ estan ,prof this , case · such in .;ase· mus t· depend ·.upon the facts d, will give a subs tan7 that../iis pPotest may ·be b«:ltter u~derstoo inst Bras )tier s_ and ·caga tial' state men t-of. the case' of · Laps ley brou ght agai nst, was s mon sum and ion Bar r. , It appe ars petit M. Laps ley,. liam Wil Wal ter Brashier:, in favoui: o(' a cert~ in ,_on a ll(?te 1812 year the t • in t,be Faye tte circu it- cour t, abou t ·:was o.lJ- . men judg t 'tha ; 8 ~>r -, 1807 year the bea~ing date about r,, '!.''lrich shie .Bra nst agai tah1ed about_ 181 2,an d a fifa issued, a cas a d issue ' then tiff plain tlt-e that ; was returne.cl nntla bona 'as his r ~B¥ e ;gav and: , ~ga·ir!s·t Bra shie r; that he ,"'.as arre sted _brok e ;-tha t s_uit was~ l1e ds ~oun h secu rity fifr :the bounds, whic and -judgm~nt ohtajnerl;_ btm,rght' on the prisoll' bounds .bon d, ral cou rt; that seve ral gene 'the in agai nst Bar r and Bras hear a~id ,)81 5, 011 _which no 'cx_ec'utions ·issue_d ·up to the year s 1814 y papcJ·, agreea]J]~ Jo, tuck Ken - cndorselJi.int was il'iad0 to take tjon s Bras hier s, re~ecu e thes . of ast the-l 011 •.an a~t of 181.4. • c( months,; an~ · tweh for ,plevied (av~ailin g J1im~elf of s,aid act) d by_ execu resse p , gain a _ when red, expi after the twelve months was aUe1"~ h whk , ction ·tion , .he'• fHed a bill _a!')d'obta ined an injtm n out of mad be d ccrnf ey mon the. ward s dfssolved, but before vene d ~ inter <lay stop la19 . lhas l1iei • an~ his secu ritie s, the '*!Y elf, or _ hims led ~vai he -' , ution exec • and' on the js·s uing of.th e next -' t lllain the , case e' of th e ,the two year s reple vy act, , On ~his -stat 1y -i reple last this· h 'quas to tiff, La11sley, moved the gene ral colu,t the oblig ation of con~ hona , :is. ta.ken unde r-a Ja,v imP.airing to be unconstitutional' ·tract. ,The cour t ha-s decider! this isJaw rime the.r haYe com- • thf.c tliis asto thei cas'e before_thern;·a:nd hy did not the gent lema n • II)itted..:....:If they have committed any, v. violatecl by tli'is Jaw ?.noL shew , that La,psley's co_ntra ct was was made; lie ::was cntic;t ontra his:c wl1en · ~Hy, the Jaw in force Phil adel phia . _A,s the at •~tJed to -one thou sand dolla rs, paya ble 1,..:t1_ie whole prop erti :1tio1 exec1 a1Jd cnt - ia,v;the.n stood, 0nju dgm be· sold for wha t it to of Br.ashier. \Vas liable tQ the debt, and : You _shal l .not have • sleJ Lap to say .would brin g. . In·18H--, you er 25, ·per cent. less in , 1 -011f cont ract, but you in~ have !">_!;lr 'pap r,, and _B1·ashier de ·- · pape your e~ ·value than sil\'e r. . I-Je refus ys him until at the encJ ·"')ay:s oile year , and .by vario us shift s dela ,-o( 1820, that if ho· . , a.ct . the of,si~ y-ejl,rs; when you proTidecl by th .~o cents in the doll irr, ' •. --wutild no(:,.t ake his debt it1 pape r wor r~plevin. -AmJ.'16 .put it year s • ]1e shou ld be subj ecte d · to a two hi~ debt accor~lin_g to conf ract, :} t "'t:!uf of his pqwer .eve r· to _getprov ide by IMy, that jf he will not tile end of two year s r you the dolla r, ·he shai f be ~tak e pa}ler stiU -wor th only Jifty .cent s in ing it .in the powe1' putt eby the1· act; erty . s1mje~Jcd to your prop Jot, or wild l-a11.J ,. and e 1:'.of tlie '4efell,da11ts _. to .gly,e, up a hous tilfapaiil tlircc ~ plain the vhen amh 00, ,,alued at z10, ooo or 20,0 a 0 1 �[ fom'tl1s of th;t s;1m, your L<'gislafi~il tolff him.;i 1--e. ·shouf_d get . ' . liis 1lebt. •-The constitution of the United St-ates, fo the 1oth section of .. the fir·st artirle, 11rovidm,, tltat no stale sh-all pass any law im• pr1ii·i11g the ·obligatirin of contracts;, and, yocir constitution says , tile f.~gisla:tur!:) of this state shalt'pass no Jaw impaii ing con- . trnctR, Now, the word irnpair is de.fined by the ~est Dic_tionaries to_ -t11ean ifl ren<le:r less vahiablc, to -injure, to wealrnn.];lay I beperfhjtted f~ as!,{ the majol'i.ty, :if _they do n_o t think that the Legislature of this sfate has rendered .Jess valua_b]e, . has , not \Vel:lkenecl the obligation of the contr'act· of- Brashier? Sinc_e the year 1815_, your tlelaydaws ~as •kept Lapsley 0 11t·or- l1is money; instead of his principle interest and costs; as your laws once seci1re.~l hhn. Ile has b'een - mulct jn costs,, to -the amount oCnea,rfy on_e"third- of hi_s ·<Jebt, without being permitted fo coJlect dollar of either princi pie, i,nterest or costs. And yon tell him, you have been passing rern_edial. Jaws to enable liim to collect his •)ebt. < And yet it is because tire ·court of a.11. peal,s, has ii:i this 0ase, grai-itcd relief to an ·oppressed:s tranger, i' n a . t·asc where all justi~e-has been oqtraged, and whe·re every . • constitutiona l ~afeg11ar4 _-has bee1j disrc;gard1td by the, Legis]a.:. .. 'es; they ' tnr·e, that the.f-are to be degraded and traduced. is onstitution c_ the that' declare to e independenc the ha,-e hatl ' the.supreme l~wr and' that, th(:y; the.judges~ areJ.J_ound thei•el.Jy; ,. ·ai1d tl1is· is their offence. "--s...> B efore thjs .'protcs,tant proceed~ more. minut~ly to oxamine1l1 e }weaml.Jle to the resolutioni he wjll ende~vou1· • to shew _ whatJ1e consitlt:rs to ~e the obligation of a contract. iis ~usell . an<l expressed in the constitution o_f '. the United State:,, In ' ·_ doing this; tl1is prolrstant w·ill rot . (indee4 he cannot., _ like ',_ the tentleman,) refer to)1is •o.wn decisiQnS~ or rely on' -his o·~vri ; authority ; '.'but he will rely _upoji 1·espd'cta~le authority-. •Chief. • • J ust~ce Marshall, that great man, in 4th ,Wheaton, p'age 197, savs·-: It would seem difficult to substitute ,vord's which are rn~re i,ntenigiule, 01' less · liable to m-iSf,OllStruction, than thus~ • w lii ch are to be explained. - A contract i1; an- aii-rr;ement, in which -a, pa.r ·t.y undertake1:;° t_o do, or not ·to do, '-'.-'1 _particular • , 1lririg: . The Ja,y b.inds him to .p erform his uri,derta_k~ng-; ai-id ·this.is, of course, the obligation of the c,rntract, • ·In the ·case ·at liar, the-'defe_ndai1t has .gi ven the plaintiff his promissm·y -noto , to pay a sum of 1honey on <fr befot'e a certaiiis:day-. The con. tr·ae-t 1.Jinds him·.to pay that sum 011 that day; and this 'is Ui., ol>Hgation. Any( taw which releases a, part -of tliis ·otiligati 011 11111st, in the literal st;nse·of the word, im.p air. it.-Jfe1·e, in tl;e langaag~ of tire · r,r·eambfo, is hig/t authority.:.._it ) ~ tlie _ opi1lfon -<>f no less tribunal than the supreme court; writtenoht. and d~livered by it_s .s;hief justice, a man who, .whetber • he j 8 .• 0 a �[ 1 J Jewcd as· a soI<lic1·, ,sJ:at~sman, Ill: jltt'ist, stands -high in tl1e an.• nals of ,ame. Ifo.,_ te!J.s yo;u, _the obligati_on of the contrnct_is the !aw that 'enforce£ tli't contract-, acco.rding to its stip11,lations; an,d anylaw-of a :'itatc, wh_ich 1·rlcases the dcutor ,tif a11y part of the cont1·act; is uuconstitutio nal. I ,liavc · sought.in vain -for µ.·_de_flnitio•n of tlic obligatiouo f ~ con t1·act, i1f t·ltc prearrible,:... ;The author _sr,crns to cons-id~,· this not worth , his attention, while lie i.s Jav-isb of fri~!ii al'Casms on the'1!e!ini t ion,giv-cn.by tlte ap11ellatc \ ·co urt. !f,, lww qver, an_y tl1ing·c:;111 be g !canetl from his evane~- • cent_reasot1ing1 it is,. th'at the oh}igation or-~:c_,rntract is an· ever \ arying tl}in;;, not ~lcJ)f 11d:rnt i1µ011 the l~ws of th~ coun_try when . 0 r: w!t er.e matlc, but~upon _tlrn wlti m ·ai1il ca:erice e'f 1¢gislation •.-:- H js ti-uc, in .}>_.~ge I 6 •the· pream bl!3 telJs us: •: the .rel:i-tion of_. 1lebtor- antl c.r~ditor will p.1·c15·c nt itself to the vicw·ofintelligeri"c~~ ,;. ns' a·-r,c11i'c ial st1·e:hn, wlri ch like til e n:ituraf_, co1isi:stsof confiLient • ;;·lol.Jules, i11 capablc of separat ion. for any us~Cul_t\r.--pn1cticable ,iwt·posnvith i11 the syope oflcgis!atifo vo,ver-for so_c[ety never . ean l,c divitle'1 into bvo classcH-'-the ono,debtor, the other cred- Hot: _': the ,vatcrs of the (!q1a11 , might 'ns rcadjly lie tlivided~-the &a-l t _from ··t!ie fres h."' If \\' C Ji:n·;, aoy~ide.a given fn this p-arag1·ap!t, it is, that the rdation ~,f, del>for an~ c:1·cditor is -always _ ,the same, a1,11l that - there never can be a dcufor class; and a • cr ~tlitor -class; and yet; j n page 14 .of this said prcamlile, ifi!'I to lrn-r[nferrc<l that Davi<l -sti!H eded the -empire of ,,Saul, with , the debto,: class; arid WC are gi,·•cn a hint of ,vhat may happen fo 01i1· -ow,n government~ -r,;om·this debtor class, by a dtation ·as • -follQweH1: ' .~ And D,tv1d t't{e refo_te. rlep.ai·ted thence, and escaped · . _ .to - tJie ca,'.e- of ~duitani ; and e,-\;'_ry one that was _tliscon't eutetl • gatheretl ~_thcmsclves unt(), him, and ' }ie.' became a ca1itain~o-vet> · , them.". .This-is certainly ncit very: good or conclusive r easoning to:-p rove :w hat the oliligation-·o r ·a. eon tract is; btt i.t is a. part of • _the .preamble, a1~d may prove on e thing as ,veil as .apqther~ so : far as th i's protestant cari percei,re. ls it :uot strange that ·ih-e .,authr>}', in·S·l pages o.( his book, -has riot been able to. tell'i1s in .,,,;,ha-t th~ nbliga,tion of a contr;ict c11nsists,.' ( when cbief justice , ~(l:rsliaO a\-id o'.ur court of ap!)()als, seem to_ have done it. in a :fow"..Vttrds )-1.Ji:it y-et· he hesitates. not to appeal to himself,. to .1i.1:m,e that he is right, and that the courts are wrong: • As this ,autlior J1l).s givep no_definition ' of the .obligation of a c1tnt-r~ct, as ' .usJ;ld icr '.tt1'e wnstitution, different, from · that given by the su4n·eme c.ourt, or ,that given l>y the court of appeals; in fac,t, since he has left tha,_t .c.lause of t.hc constitution to mean any thing, .,ot· 1iothi11g, -a11d'.has .trnst~d ernry thi~g upQJ1 , the adventures of hi_s own fancy an~( vivid iU1agination, •always taking care to · asse rt that the acts in questivn we1•e not' unconstHut ional-1 will »o:w show t~1t thesc:aets art so_; .a11dJh.at, by atithority too hi~b �.t [ .-_rs to be l'C![Cn~<l by rni;tapl;ysics., aml to0 tcspectabl e ta bc· a:foded · • • _ · lfv fancy.. . '· • , • , Gnen The sup:•cnic co11d of the United States in th e- case of and Didd'le, say. tlie "olij'ectiori to 1:{w· on Jhe ·grnuntl of its illY. pairing the olJligatfon of contracts can - never l.lqJcnd ,on th·e cJiange whrch the l_aw effects i11 it,, any deviation in its tel'tns . . any postponem ent o,r accele1:ati1>1g the pc1·fod of 1i-crformanc~ ,vhich it JH'CSCrihcs,.ci rnposing ,}1:;(!il ions 11ot cxpt·cssed in tlis -conlraet, or di'.,;;pcnsing. with· thetn • t!int arc, however minute. 01_· apparently immatcri'al in their clfoc;t upon the contract of tlie parties, impai1·s its i'ili!igatiiin. 1 ha·ve gircn you the npin-ion ol' tlre ,suprcme coul't, of\yhat :1.1tc obli;;ation .of':1. co nk.act cmisists, as f.xprcssrd :n the consti tution, and wh at •\, HI h-e a vicolat.iu11 of •it, and could -cite ' rri-auv more ca!>es from the same triliurial, but think it unn'Ccess~ y° to Joad thig-, prott'~t ·.with-, oU".ieriq a,i.y change, say tl1at court, any ccndition uot ~:x;presseJl -in :t1,c cou• tract, or postponem ent impai1·s tht ol.Jliguti'un of the · contraet, • • . and the law that does so 'is v"oid. No,v your i\cts under 1·e,·icw imposed it• a,~ rm1dition, that ,Lapsly sho·uld take ]lapel' 01· wait two ):Cal's, a11d t!1~n ,'n crn,r gd l1is debt unless he w1iuld take paper equal in Yalue tu half . his just c.laim-:-tliis act presc1·i!ws conditions and .gives postp11ncments not stipulated for, hy the contr-art ; whrtf the11· f.ay the supreme court "that the hi.\\'. aucl all s:wch acts impair th e oblig·ati1;: t of contracts a11cl· are voi:I.'" But we ar·e tohl tl1esc de'cisiuns a m...., not given in cases ofi-cplcdn , arHl ·that ;t po~tpnnemc11t b'j' repkvin i~. not_ a postponmiwnt. W c will th en see if g c11tlt~mcn ~ 1·~ correct in tl1c opinion, tliat tG postpone 1t ·crediti>t' u,r rqwcd11 laws is ·no-postiwm:mcn,t. , D11ri11 g the Ii:•rssmc_,(if1he late·wiri·,. the Legislatur e of ' tltc ~fate of J\' 01·th-CaroliJ1a rrassrd. an ad,,_ 11rovidi11g that any cou1·t.l'entlc;1·_ing j11.1lg111e11t bet,)\'C_cn· ·t!ie 3 1-s.t . 812 am] thr Is t of Fchrnar·y 1-816,. sho(1t11 stay c.lay of Dei:cmh,•.r I _ exec"L1.tion until the -11e 4 t tpnn of tl1c com•t, rirtcr the last mentio11ed clay, uprrn the dd'cn1tant'~ i,il'i1,1g· t,Yo free-holde1•3 M st>-c1rrities f~t· the debt; _tiere ,\·:~s·a •n :1·y limitrcl 1·epk, in and, tJi e, debts. to be well sccut'(\(I. Rut tlic wrnstiou bci·ng made to-11:rc suprmJJe court oJ'. No1·tli-Car:oli11a, trley u1i:.n imousl-y decitlci.l tliat ,, • the lnw giying J'eli r f by rcpJe,-i11, impai1'rd 'tlw ooligat.ion of t:!tc corit,ract. and was therefo1·c mid ; Sec 4 tli \Yhoatou t>ag,e UJG, • Halls law jo11!'11al MW. A law simifar in its _prnvi~fons to that nf Nd1-·(h-Caro-Jina was vasse_d -hy the stale 0f V t'l'mont, tt-llll hy thr suprcma , coru·t r of that state was also decitfod-to he ll:ll"COIHl'.llutio11aFa11<l n>itl; t-hc Le,; islature of-P'e nnsJlrnnia also pas',wd' a11 art (al'ter the tlc1·ision in tlw· case of Crownitigs he ild and Still';.;ts .wa~•gi veil" IJy the, sup1·em couJ•t) staying cxec11tio11· io,~ •a limitetl pcl'iod, when~ d clitors would under thefr insuh'cnt act6 l'cndcl' up thcfr clitates 0 a ' �16_ ] for a lim.:.. fo1• the bei1efit of th~ir credito1·s? this .imspon<l~ng la,v s to Peter am.Iv tngton Wash s Judge by d. ited period was uecide pass~ $See 'Cenne of ·e islatm theJeg d, i vo_ ·and nal titutio be u_ncoras copy i,, cved' a ,,epleyin law of whfch yours is almos t 8: lit_crar ' t1.1e ctaifi1 : of nt oneme postl_l a er wheth on questi . 1:ry resvec t ; the wou·Itl . be • nl~ss ~ 1 i•n, oftfie 'faiF credit ~r· for one- ye,ai: by . replev be- _ ht ~roug was Jjaper k n ba. state or take co1nmonwealth_pap~r munani court that fore .the suprem e .comt of Tenne s'see, a.nd by ·,tf/ State The. oid..a!)th· na.l ·ously decided to be unconstit-u.tio !ljlOtr a 11af . based r, syst_rn relief her ished establ you ' .ll:lisscil!,ri like_ the q_ ues1rn1· bank and passed a replev in law- •siinilai.: to yours , not, was : or al tution consti were laws· relief tlon ,vhcth er tlren i1ovsl y un~nir and state . carri~d before·''tl1e supr; ine court of that alias '.' ws·, ·J.a 'rclief ypur ; void and onal stituti decided to·bc uncon su·- • your: b_y trie~I been i'cplevin and im.lors e1i1cnt la,vs, have ha1·u _ you that s9 .fate, same the shared .pl'eme court, and have the- opinion ' the opinio ns of-the· suprem e courts of ·five states . the ci_,·c·uit . of ~nd S,tates _ d Uuife of tl1e suprem e' ca urt of the opi nioH i; • ous unanim , the _ tutiNg consti es, d-Stat Uni.te cou1·t of the ts" a11 tf_ .tale11 ·for cd guis!J of t_:, ent.}-fo111· judge s, all alike distiu to lives their ly us·~tul d dev9tc ve a h_ who l s-mer _ Jpgal attain,ment on ry: co'tmf thei,1· of s the study of t11e, laws and th,e ·const itnti~n OI"preamthe 011e sid'e .ofthi s questi on, and 'Mr. Rowa n's bdok higlu wil these_ 'of i'ity a1itho ected co_Jl the lf ; _ ,other the b!e on aiil derive could it if aid; d naede transcendan tjudic i al tribun als distin ~ highly and out, nu)'ner of, that has it , fro m any source not 1 ·u1ay ; unior1 the ghout ~uish:ed judge s of in forior co_urts thrQ~ ized iis '.a:sk if it is to.be' exp..9Ct1Ul, tlfat this .hook or speech, canon lfrist oJ is· tit st again l -i t is lly 'tlie ,,ote of the major ity; will prernf tlie _ u·ish exting car1 you·· if you ask autlw_1·itics? I mi g hf as well ,, : .· taper. a ith w s1in, n's Ilcave lig ht -of onal': •.But the dCJttrine -that yO'n r •r eplev in laws ., is uncon stituti 1111Y e l, a be • to v!c, pream !?aid the in• ·courtthe ~ is clia1·g e,i.l u1ron_ ()S to ctpinions ' 011e; we ham sli ewu, tltat it°R not so, by refe,;enc_ flie Sll- 1 ns opinio rent r Concu. tJte, by and ' of the 'supre me cuur·t that th e rities ·autho ofaer have I But . states ~ fh of courts ·))l'eme ·s tated aatl o oct1·inc is· not a 11ovcl OIIC even in this "liouse. · Jt is g the las t duri·n , lature Lrgis tliis whei1 t a tl1 tly; ITf:'C O C. 11e I pi'-es111 ·ah fe ' Ifonoi the that 1"814,. act-of w 111i, was di-iven to-tlie repl()vin the resist dill' y <lolrnt n Nelso from er memb :i.. :John Ri>wan, thei1 y. . onalit stituti uncon its passagc -M tthat . '.1ct, on the grourn l, of sest oLtha er 111emb acting an froni T his i11form ittion l drrive a ·ve1:y__ s'ioi;i ,.nntl a highly honor able man. It also, appeai·s from: co1intte ·Faye from c1· 111emb ·a tant~ h_umb! c s1icecJ1 of this protes th a t;,,g, 18;: year the of spl'ing the _ sfo Argu th"' i11 ty, p11blisl~ed of n_ sessio the of laws relief lre did also 'resist the pasS"Rge ,ofthe ' tirn ,of ~on .violat a Hr:e , . th.ry chat d f8 l 9 ~n<l ~o, _on.the _5rom} or . �-r 111-" r" .ttin,~titulion of· t~1e tJ nited $tatcs, arid w~uld.b~ S!) 1ictia11~Jt~.. ; ciilell to ·be;by tqe courts of .the state and 11atio.n· wheneve r.the-. • que!,ltion-sho.uld b~ m.a<le. I alsll firid a state pa pet· of high· au·; tbority .among the records ·.o.f thl'~same session of' 1819.: It is r,o • • Jess than. the Governo rs ohjedion ,; to the hill .passed, by the: . .Legislatu re at an ea;;Jy day ~ffhat sessio11, su:'l p~1~dir.1g execn- ' tions for sixty·da ys-the.bill was rcturiied to the house with the ~ . G<>~crnors o'bj ~ tions~ hrit it v iolatr d. in his- opi11°ion, tf1e, :con-< stitutiion. T~ this st<11~ paper may be acliled the objection s of t!rn J_at~: veneraule.. governo r Scott, to the bill -.st;rkd tht ~cc-upyfog: · cl~ima·n t law, whicitpa ssed the legislatu re ·in th e ye.ar 1811; i1!which he says, tha,t one.of his obj ections to that ·la w .is; that it-~ .impairs contracts , that any change as to· tinie &c . . impairs con•. tract~. · .. • • • • .•. · _.. · • 'r · . • .. • • · . : · Hawng ~ the · wort from . the· od~um • -attcmptcil t~ he ~. •• ,cast upon them, on the grmind that they have, in their opi\1ioi1, • broached a novel . doctr_ine, by. a weight of ai:1.th.cirity um,xai1P,_ pied, as I . I.J eJieve, l1aving refuted the charge. ,of, _·uoyelty, <by·. the records of this house, by the voi9e of its own_ leg1-slato1:.s, ~ hea1·d in other times, and on other occasions : \Ve charge, i.n • ,nn· tm:n, that th:c· d-0ctrine that,such · taws ar·e not unconst.itu..-. ·tional is a novel one_; that it is a .spurious , and a - poiso no'ti's 1 .weed, that has g)'.o\Vn o,·cr the graves, :and bids· de-fi_an ce to .tfrn· -0pi:nions of all the statesmen,,~·ho forme·d, or sat i_n the co11ven-~ tion, ot' whatever grade ·or : rank of talent. ·· Ancl I ,,·ill r-hleem·· this a _ssertion by a .rectirren_ce to the ·words of some of th ose, statesme n ·and patr:iots thcmsch·cs. . . •. • . •. '. Ilamiltbn ' in tl-ie seventh numb er ot' o.f "T1rn Fzu.rntALIS.1.''' says · " laws in vl'olatio1~ of jJ1·ivat,e , ri'.ght~, as .t hey amount to~ aggressi:on on the rights of those st'ate,'l ,,1h'ose· citizens ai•e·1n-· ju red by them, may be ~o_nside1·ed, p.s .arwthet· pr:ol>,able sQ1ii~ce _ of hostility; we , are no.t autlioris.ed ·to expect a -more Jil>erlll 01:_foore eq1iitable spirit wo1:1ld .preside' over . the legislatio n of-th e".: indiddu·al s'tates lter.eafter,_.if l!nrestrai ncd f1y any additiona l_ checks·, than we have heretofor e seen, in too ma11y cases; dis·gracing fl1eh· ~.ever.al codes, -we have obs9r yetl the .dis1iositi1>n • • to relaxatio n, excited in · Connecticut, i1f conseque11ce . ot' t-he enormitie s _perpefoated . by.. the Legis!.atu-re of ,Rbode-ls-fe~fn.if;· . aml we may r easc:ihably '. infer that in sin1ilar cas·es; under other circumst ances, a ,var noto(imr chment but' of the sword would chastise ·such atrocit\es , •b;:eaches:.of moral obligatio n, anU so,;. cial justice. In-the 44th 1rnm'&e·r of the Fcderali'st, Mr. Madi- ·· so~ \vhen c6i!Jmentil'!g on -the· very clause «?ftheJ◄'cd1:r·al Consti- _ tution wllicl1 restrains sfatcs f'i-om passing · Jaws impairi ng the, ·obligation of coutrafts says "biJls of attainder exvostjac to ia.,vs. and laws inrpair:ing the obligation of contracts -are , con~~·!l-r{ !o 'the nrst.,prin cipl es of'so.und ..LegL-,_lation, the byo formcJ.• ari ~• •.• ·. : .- • G.· - • �~-pr;fl:te d ·~o S()lfi_e.of tM: -~;pris~Jy~prol1fbitcd by' tne decl ~r ation ate prohioi.te'il: by tlie ·.spir it sfate"' const_ifotiims _and all ofth'em • ,ters ;·'. oti11 own exptfrien ce • ii~ d-scope of th¢s e fnndaine11fal cha'.t aVfenc~s ~gains,t" thes e • 'hl!~, taug ht us nev.e rthet ess 'that tu\di.fion erly ;ther~(1n:~J li_ave · ..-, prop dai1gers ough t not to be 'omitted ;. very l . bulwa1·k in ·favoi- of the conv entio n.er·ected this eonstifutio11a am 1m1ch" clece;ivetl jf , f p"eJ;s onal .sect irity a~d priv afe t;igh ts; -and ulted the gen'uine· ~1d1;. cons ly hfol sfait th_cy have not. in doin g so,:a f con.stituehts ; the sobei- • tinw nt as the undoubted int~r est of thei fluct uatin g·. polic y ,vlriqh . the1 or' pebp le pf .:-:America ~1·e w'ear-y ha'vc see11 with ·Teg 1·eta nd " l,as dire cted the. public Com idls, 11,~y Leg~slatiV;e intef'fet·~nc_es.,", " - i,1lHgriati'<m, th,it su<lil.e n ch a~gcs-'an d m.e jo·; ·id,r1 :tl11( hand s. ;of: ~eca ;ts, i:igh in:'-cases atf{!cti~g pe1·sor-tal rs, and to \he more in \he e11terpdsing and inihrenda1 spec ula!ocom mun ity, the)" have the of part med Jlu~t r i_ous ·and less infor nc;e, ois. but: the link o.f'a ' .. seen too that 011e Legi slati ve ·int.erfer,~ nt· iri-terference ~ein' g eque sulis ry .eve -,-.fon g o-hai,11 of rerreti-t ions·; _prccecli'ng. •: They very ,, 11a~urally p~oduced 6y the effects of tlie refo rm is wari ting ? ough thor rig{itly i ii fer, thete fore , ti-tat s_ome s;ins pire a gen~ . sure ni~a ublic on.p ori 1lati speq .w'liich will bani sh cour se -to· flie lar egu. r · ·a er~l pr1_1de~ce~al')~ indu stry ; 1 tfod _giv.e ..ofth e ablest· • ~ two of icms lar-at ·<foc the e'is .Her bu.si nes_s of soci ety; " ·is tlieh·· here . ion; titut cons .. inti ' firm est patr iots .that 'tornied "t.he, pas9;from s state the ent prev o t. A esti.m911y, that it wa,s int.emled ut,. . ffide ofsu n_ js say, fhis ~11g· relie f laws , verh ~ps_gei~tler~en \till er • Lµth • t~:!\n 'ier lawy ssnoJe f;I- of rwm tl~en give you tbe-~pinio . con.: : the ed' form o)1, that:M'artin, -a:Jso.a mem ber of the Co.nventi .•• cc:in~ , t~1e sign to sed refu who· . s1itufion of-the Unit ed Stlttes, l,1'.tt· very _ -this not doin g· so:, slitu fion , a nu assig ns as a rear on . fo1~ ing la,vs impa iririg tti~ pass from s state ents prev h secti on, wlifc and. · 71 ·: .of; the· i;;ecret' 0 7 , 69, pi1gc .ohlig.a·fioil' of ·cont facts . . ·. In Mar tins ~peech b,efo~e !lebaJes·o f t!1e conv entio n, a part ,of Mi·: d, •i11 which he . says . foun be _ the Lc-g islat ureu fc:M aryla hd wil.l secti oirn lso pi1ts it out· (spe akin g.of the co11stitu-tion) •~the satne g buf gold ~n,d' silv'~rthi.n · . ofth 'e -}lO\Ver'of tlie state s ,to _ma'ke an.y to pass any law !m.. , or , . 1-l'el:Jt of~ n! e n' . coiti ~ te.mler i'n ' the payr ider ; ,s ir, that tlier e cons L ' pair ing ,t he oblig afio n of corit'r aeES ; es; a11d dis'tress, miti cala ic publ t mighta I.J.e ti;n'e's of ·such .grea '-t11e .. duty or ~riit ld rend and· extr einc'Scarci!Y ofsjr nde, -as shou t valnalHe "mos the • -even of , tion gov~n1ment, fo·r the •1weserva r favory thei in ·fere int'e1 to sui·e rriea sohie iti par·t of its citizem,: of jtlS:f;i cqurt the ping by' passin,g laws totaUy-or part ially ~tojl ins_tall1i1en_ts; ·or ,· by by · pay t,o o·r, d·ebt . tice; or autt1,orisi.ng'tli¢: crec litor s,' at a 'l'C,lSOila~lc _ ·ueliveri1i g up ofhi s •pr:op erty to l1is eri sad t as to<.render. ree-,lie s•l1tw ti1pe a nd honest qtlu ation ; -the ;t ?r all of .the statc_s,,, :ti • .. gulatio11s of ,this kinil ' necessar.y, ·in 111oi;_ e<l'1 nan from t1;>tally, 1 moni the • prev ent the. -wea lti,y -ci·editor·, and_ - ~:::i'· �~ • . • • . . ~ • ; "~ i rninfog f:!m poor,, thougli even ihdttstri'ous 'deb.tor; such tit!}eS niay aga,in •afrive.; I th1wefore voted against -clepriviu-g th,G, states of thi,s po\\'er, a power·w.hich I am decided they ought,fo • possess; bu_t w'hich-l- ailmitought only to be exe1·cise1l,. 011 very: urgent, and important occasions ·; I apprehend the 11riuciplecausc of complaint ..amo.ng ·the p~ople· at largel i~ t~e pulilic an (\ ,private debt,· -.yith -~w11ich they are _at: , pr•_e senf 0Jip1:ess.e~·, anq · which i_n the great scarcity di' cash, threa~ens tlrnrn w}th : des- , 'tl'Uction, unles~.they can obfain so_much imlulg.enc_e, in p,oint of•· tillie, that by in1lustry and frugality they may extricate·. them_- . - lelv~s. This government pro.1.ect I apprehend, soJar•from re-; ,- J;l}oving,_will greatly increase those com1,lai nts; . since grasping· in its all,powet-ful hand, the citizens of the r es pectiv_e· states, it ~II by the, imposition;_of the variety of fa~s, i i11posts 1., (,_t_amps~. _ ·J}~llles arti( ~ · -fl:iiffes, ·squeeze fl'9m t-li~m. the ,..,tittle ~ - --,,,:""""' 'they. "!ay aq]_liire, the hard ear·nings of th~ir in1lustry, as ' yet\ _would squeeze the juice from. an orange, tiil not a drop m01·~ can be extracted, and. th~n let loose upon tlie m t heir priv ate c !'.e.: ditol's, to \\"hos~ mei,:cy it con.signs them, by whq;m theiqiroper ty; ~ c;;" is. to be seized upon and sold, in . this scar-city oJ.·spccie, at :,Ii ~ • __ sheriff.-,_sale, whcr•e noU1ing but ready cash,can be received, fo r a tenth p,a rt of its value, ·a nd themselV€S•~ml their.farµ.il ies t_o be' _ . consigne<l t.o indigence and <li&tress without . their gov~rn-ment ~aving the i>~o,v'e i-, -to 'give th.em a m<_>ments indul gence;. tn~ gi1it . -of time, however necessary it niight b~,,and hiHyeyer, cles h:ou.s,t o, grai1t them a,id.~~ S_o ~aid L1itluw ,llfartin an .enemy ·to the-c.on~ stitution. while) t ,v.as depending_ before the .p~pple, • but ~Jter' ip ~ pad be~n,fo'r med h'x~the conventi on, be had ,:efused'(as ly~· sa-ys} ·: t,o sign the constitution .because it deprived the states :>f t}iepower to 'giant. Qne moments ~forfolge.nce iii , p.oint of (i11J,e ttJ,; . debtors·. ,,;;' ~~' • • • ,.. ·'• • " . • ., ""'. ~ 1 have 'c13-pied _a p~rt of,thi"s famous s17ee1h; n·oJ oni Y. besau_se_- _ . M.J'. Martin w~s one of -the most distfo g uished lawyers_ of his-·-day, but _be~auseit in u~o_st partic ul ars agl'ees ~-Uh ~he speeches, iii.Javor <if, t)~e r elief systo1r .•. heal'd at this ti me. : H e b.ea1;s, the lrighest an_d -most satisfactol'y ey itlence, th_a t the11ower of-states, to grant i11<l.u.lgenc_e tode bto~s in poiut . of tii:ne; \va&,. foreyer.t ~~ _ ken 'aw~y:- But it is further said in th~ preamb'le, that the shor-, t ~ntng of tlie remetly of .tb.e c'r_e<J.ito/ must be unconstitiitional, if to :prolong the time of.paynicnt foi.· the deb tor is so. ,It.is ~lit,.tle su rpris_:ng that the fallac:y: of this : remark-. was- ll Dt detectec\_ ~-Y-the at1tl1or of the preamble. His cou rse of I inYestigatioi1.,, howev'er, seems fo, have led liim wide offti1e subjeet of di&p1s, sion ; 'the questio n.is not wh at. tlLC Legisl ~ture would ·dq, waS: _the 1iiatter ·befo re them to legislate on, But what is the collst i~ iution onhe Upited ~tates when_a1>plicd_ to the case befo re th<t co111't,~ ,lt ,~:ill _l.Je qo1:c_e~c.d for_arg um ent s&k~J· tirat •;Wli~+; V-t;~ �fh~ con-~titution d~es not" i,!Jl~~~icrn~ly pr~hibi; thi( stafo ' l.~;_gis-~ ,, Jatur'e from passing 'a<l!lw, that ·su~}1 l.1w, riot_.. forbruden, would •. be-\'aJiiJ. But th.e ·constitution. declares .that no state s~all pass; ·;111y la\,, im1rn.i1·it1g the-fibligatiJln of contracts , and:·_'to .asceftain_ in eveJ'V case whethcr·the.ouligation is · impair:ed or• not, it be· comes ~eccs~ai-y·to ~show wliatis .tlie ·Qbl_igation ofeacl1 party to • • ·""' :· •. _ " ~ a co11tr·act. • ·we _h;iv_e, alrt'ady s"i1ew·t1 that Hie obligatio n ·c;r :~f, confr1'lct~is, 'the lato of'the contract, thus, if A bor1·i)W "f Ra'. surn of mo11,e)•, an'.! JH'()ffi1SC B ·to Jiay on a,:CCl'fain . day the ·sum t9anetl, tlic i1bli'gtition .ot' .A is cre:iteil at the time of.the COJJtract to pay the ·mo• • s charged when the JIJOney is paiilJ :rnd .)3 ob:z. iiey, and .is only d i_ Jigf'.s hims-elf 119t to coe~·ce A, :until the <lay ofpi.)-ment, th-e obli,:.: t;a.tions o'f,thepar ties from the nature.ofthi11gs ai·e not coexteil~ i,_ive, the debtor has only an uoli i;---ation tlmt lie shall'ndt be com .. , 11~led:to pay the money before the ilay sti:jrnlat~d for;'· but the _-- ereditor has the ob1igation oJ the .de bto,i· ·t11at he wi!11:tay, -wlte'TIJ • • th~ day gi'Ven hy the creditor expires. ·His •obligatio n: expiresf · -uut'tbe obli-gation of the debtort9 pay! c'ontim1e;s -1mtil .p ayment is piade; how after tl1e·day fixe<l fol' .J>ay_ment no la~ tar, vi?-la-te an-n>hligatioh''ot' a contract which the llebtoi· has ;- the .cr~ditOl'C has di-selrar~~d his obligatio n, by waiting the· ti-me a-grce<l upo.n, • ' oTcourse Hie debtor qninot allctlge, that ·Hie ohHgation of his contract is violated, wh en .he holds no obligatio n " 'lmteyer3 · the creditor, haring fulfilled _his part of ffr, .o.bngati<~n hy :waiting • tlic.;.tiaie stipulated /or; not _so ' with . the -deb.tor:; Jhe credi{o ·.' J10tds tlfo obligatior_1 of the tleb_tor to pay, 3ntl this obligatio n can: orHy lie ·d1scharged',by pa;y~nent m· . te,Hler ; any: law therefor<»·'· giving time to tl1e debtor; wc~kcns and of. course impairs the ob .. • •• • , Hgati1iu ·of ti:le co.ntrac t. - • • If tl:i"is explanati on with the autho.rifies reforre<i to, will )1ot,.. suffic~· for the ' majority , this pr·otesta nt feels ai~ ured tlmt it_ will be satisfacto1·y ·to his <>wn :co11stitue11ts.. The preamble or · hqok ru_rth_i1' aha~ks ~lie appell_a-te coq~•t, U~OII tl!e ground of • incons1sien:e' ; were Hus .even h•ue, ih1s- p1·otestant h-as seen~ , 110thing. gained.t o it, ' but this protestan t thinks tltat in· this tbe point~ot.her his .i"n been has he as ri1ate auth or has :rnen as-unforh of attack . · He says in_- substance, the ·court have admitted th·~ rig-ht to _shorten time, !llHl thereby .to~increa se the obligatio n of t-he cOJifract on th.e debtor; . This f.deny·. . In no case ha~ the , court e".er, compelled t_he tleb.tor to pay before the day- of.pay- . ment,, nor ' have th ey a<lmitlecl -the right of the le§islatu re to sho-rten .the ·time given _by the contJ·act to the dchtor. . • B uf;;they have repeat~d ly sa_i<l , (in substance) that the~obligation of' tlie-GJ'.cditoi· to·wait, ex1\ired on tli"c :<lay of paymen t-and t1iat • as the_-debtor h:ttl, .no · c~rntra_c t for time longer than the day af paj'n1e1ft, that .nqne was violated as to him, in· giv'ing: �r 2,1- 1 :-.. ~ ~ ~ . . tcmedy- to the ci·editor-to c~crce -the ob{iga'fioh ~f liis -'con~- tract. But to sustai•n the charge of in.consistency, ,_ The case of ,- , Grub~s.& Harris i~ ci_ted by the 'preamble-it appears from tha_t • case-, ' thijt Grubbs gave his .note to pay on a cel'tain . day, the . .obligation of bis ·cotitract did not expire ui1til payment, hut Harris' obl_igati(m · _to wait until tf1e _day ,.;,for 11.aym e_n t_expfred, .; . cm ·the day ofpaym,ent, of course Gr.ubbs. had ·no c,mtract, much' .. Jess an ohligatio11-0f a contract; after ,the day of'payment, ,in, Harri!', ,vhich the· p:etition and sunHno.rt'- law· co uld dolate; • ,mtil, therefor~. tbP. gentlehiau can p1·ove that th!} . petition and Slltllllffins ~aw -~oul<l violate the ohligatio11 of a contract, \vl1en no ·such ol;iligation existiid, · he c;:tirnot make the court contradict themselves by tlw ease •cited-in the case of Lavsley an.ti Brai,hier, Lipsley held the ol!ligation Qf a·_co.nt!·act, which ·the-law·irnp~air-ed,-,..ijf~e ca&f" of,. GrHbbii a-nd~_:flar,;is, Gr,~-had no· obligation on·t.l. arri!! to viplate, and tl-iis is the mistake · of the author of the prean1ble-to sustain his fll'inciple. he slw lid be abJe to s_a tisfy us, that tlie delinquent <lebt1w ·'by fai)ing to pay-according to contrar._t, disc.hargrd the oblig·ation of th e con- .'· tract. Aud in · the-scco.11d place, that thr. delinguent"Gruhbs hy • failing to pay according to contract, 'created a i;iewa ohl rgtttioq npon Harris, ~vithout~11is cm!sent or.. agreement; tliis '!'ould l1a~e been more diffict,lt, it is tr ue, than a naked asseveration, that thi\ opinions of tho cuu,-t, i11 ~he cases of Gj;ubbs · and Har• . · ris. ·was in confliction with , that, in thr case· of LapsCey ·and Bra- : shier and Barr. Tl1.e case of Searcy_and . Reardon, also refer-. '. red to _in the preamhle/ is not wo1·th notke ; it \Y·as decided on .,the same principle that' Grulibs ;i.ni.l. Ha1Tis was, 'and stauds - l.µ . perfect harmony with the 'opinio11 iri the ca~e of Lapsley.. and Brashier. This pmtestant c1o1nfesi,es that he has ~een·)Vith sur11Hse, that the autlwr of tire pi·earr1ble ~as resorted to tjrn foJlow- _ ing wo1·ds , in ,the co11stituti!JJ1 : "no po.w.er, suspending Jaws, . sha-U be exercised, except by the leg·islature or its autlio.l'ity"....,.. ' see the 14th section of the Hill ·or Rights ♦ - Anu that he then ' tells us t_hat tliese ,vords are addressed to die conrts~w,hy tha • .gentleman i·efe1·1·ed to t his scctio11., is somewhat difficult to pel'- . ceiyt\..,___,W _ ill thl!t -gent-le~11a11 h~zard his'1:eputation as~ a la,yyer, • 5,0 far a~ to say,_that that sect11m autho1·1scs the legJsla'tu1·e to · pass suspending laws,' which by either the state or fe<letal con- . stitution, are forbidden to he passed. This would be. toQ buJd, lie has ther.efore, brought t_he 'serti1~·n into view, and lea yes it for the wol'ld to be _decciv(•d, or u111.lcC'e ived hy'. 'it: . 'I'hi~ protestant knows, and so doet the ,memhcr from :J etferson, that a , • ,' ,·ulgar er1;or , prevails, ·rcla:_t~ve to this section,; thos~ not ac-, <1uainted with jts_origin, lia\'.e hcen· 1.cad to uclie,;e that it-au• tho1•ises the legislatiire to suspend the constitution. I ih ink it . was the boun'den d11.t,Y- ..._of tb,tt gentle1:nan, to fravc u1ide~eived the~ . . ~ .\ �. -, • 1 ~ ~-.'• ,·.: a- '-,ifitfn ~~.6-orist · •, 'i.·,. c •call i: ·.-.,. .t,. - 'i· ,.' II .-.._ • erL • ' ]Cffi c'ts/such law is mwo C c"or1s.titufiot :,.~ pp_9s1tfori th·at tne • "_ u'c·o11ci1; and . ~very ]ands • oo<ls, 1ierson :-or, t tq~,:_.a~{J figli{ • " . -' µelajf fs e-vJ!li Jll 1ma._ry:'i6:-'I]1isp1=-o tcJ . _ '~enflfail<lress:ed;, aiike, to..,..t h_~ -fo nls lat~re;"the.e.~ eouf -~- • - : · . : rn · -,- .';';.1 C ·a t tjieJud'i'ciar ' ' ~•or:<ls was • • and rcefatt t1i-¥-e ·t1 . ·ts, st • ~ .,- -~· • Y' a t' - .1; _b- ' b ·ts t off .., tcs, -SO ·c1rii . 1e •JtJg..i..i.ind 'tJ i{.leJfisiafu're'l rorn sl1utting . the courts, susp~n ·• -" <,,.ess, iiq/ela);ing tlie i·cco;vcriof d~_&!s, Jo the s,ani • • , , ,t~e R'i11g. ,js restr:1in~~I ~y _.11J.ag1!a . Cha,r:ta. 'fh~ ; ma!) -seqms""' to think th~ · <;ourt incorr'.ect, ~ecause ,t , tfrn ~bli g'atio'ri o(the co.n't rac t, is thel~.;;al:effeot of ~ , but ~ftiut ••• ~ adrnj ts thit ,the. c' 1;' .-:, . • w,f,1,gat~on ~,t\fc't °pr ~re_n,i@d~ ::: •• ,:. ~ m~t-~· act _ , ~ttce, tl•~Ull'y t~~ -tl; _ an,d: _ul}iSti_·_a tes . hi~ ' rdea :~X. s.~irng th.~, _1e p l.J,'..S} . , . • r, c~bnsulevcd· a part of th~ r emedy,. anlLtln& reaso-h.mg 19, ~a oy ~-li_e :1naj~fitY:7 ~hat-ij ; t}1at the ~ hy~id~n f~ _pi1rt :(;f'th_ ·, e~y. -~tt':,!f!ge _rnde_cd, t~at: tn_at geutlem an should . have, ~- . cd !n xe_f~ e :~mi , expose. the J,udges, by ai~ ~xamJ~le ~-~ abs, ~! l1~n ~ phy~i'clan a part oft!i,e_:r. e_IJ¼Cdy,,?• As IrnJl ·migh! ' g,c'}t]cm.~n;.haJ·e.s~t that..;,t_hc -:,Qv,ers_e~r ifaya11t of,·tltc,_ ~rop; pr:" t!,:i?~ai!,lli_rn;st~~!d·~~ ts ~-part o_f _H1e·gooil~_·an ~_$hat~l_eJ; a,§. to h~~-• .a.,;d v.aneeA . tb~ 1ij·ea:, 'that} hf p1urt or the '.do_c~o-r 1~ ayaft.of. thc0'} r~!nedJ\ •• ,1j)1t~we,:":~H~t1f.~ turi:i: t9 th,~1.·gp 11\~e1}}Jl.ll~5}fo,£t!·Jne.,o difhih11 ei1: •u 0 . r... - C - • ✓ ,. ~..,,- "' I~ ,..,. �• • • t :' ~ . ~-;,tiahility; or tl1atJl~e j ~!dgcs ,a;e n~t, by \ 1~;- conitifd~9n ,~ . -:-ilei;_i_de laws unconstituti(!nal, unless · t~ey, are palpably atlf.(..:'ob-vi~l.{sly ·so-tl1at is,~unle~"fhe legislatu-rc ~haff~say, in !lO ,' it-in)! . we d_eclare that 9ontracts ~•~ll •be, ·and they a_re"_herehy 'i' ,v:ord~, • ·, hnpairecL; ;or, w_e do· hereby PffSS an ux:']iost facfo !ah•: Accor- ·• . •, ding to thM gentlem'i:l,n, tlie judges-- have uo ··rigli.t to decide tlie : , 1aw:voill, or unconstitu tional, although they, by ,;i fair constr-0c. {ion of its words' . or: p1·ovisions, or by a just cq111parison ori . with. t!ie·-constitutio n, find ·the Jl!w to ,.be i•epugnant ~o the constitution, · Upon this subject; this prntestant is furni shed, as he , JfoHey·efi, with_,,i:wy respectable and _high•· authority, against th e 'tfoctrihe·, that -alaw cannot be ascertained to be unconstituti onal . :• • · • f "'· • · bf COli'st'r1i1etim;: . . - , • ._ ... J;tjs :th~ ~(?pjrijon of JI e-&,t.mtle111an fom~} elfer~on himself, ~vho . i-n a4.»ost;~la'1>15~o'fiinio1_1,•containifi.s'. t'1ea1•Jy1ot"ty; J>a~ '~«f: , Marshal1:s repo rt$; e;ndeavored to -,p rove that the act.of ~o,ngr:ess~ chartering the,ban_k of the Unite_d States; was 1111<,_o ~stitutional . and void~this he attempted ~by . al! the- usual and w~II- -kriow.ii , , rul es'·o f construction,. and· analogies,- as well as by many ne\v • rules.an<l ;-analogies of his own. -He even 1;esorteH to,,fhe his_tO: ry-of Soloman and the. Jews, fo shew that Soloman ha<l no b.a,~k.; . -'-and argtied that therefore· the constittition ·did riot allow us tu, have .o~e., 'I'he whole burden of lhis opir1ion, ;vas to prov~; tl1%the constitutional expression ·neces,sary, meant; aiJcl' sh,ollld by constntctionU e rpacle to· r ead,, iinlis11en'sible-:--and if the con, fititution t'l}~ans in11ispensi(1le, s:.tya the gentleman, then a bank is n&tfodispensilHe.-' And to · brfog this ._- novel niea1;1ing ,to be_a r on Uie case,· in his own la11g.uage he i1i:vokes · not only histofy, but d·raw.s heavily upon- _metaphysics ; an_d even uses 'a, )iftle _; chemistry; foJ J1e t,~ys~·that t~e heat necessary ti] melt' ,netals is i.ndrnpensibl c~Ef·go: . 1iecessar.y, i_ri th~ coJ1.stit~tiol),. fM the " purpose of tlecidj ng the law void; 1n1:1st be read ind fs pensible.- • . He th eri reasons, with gt~eat ar,dor m1i:I :ieal to prove .that a bank .•JS not i.ndispensi·hle to the governmo.ut of tlie U nion...::..an<l, UJ1()11~ . the whole,-.li e coines to the conclusio11, . that th e congr'ess of the • tJ nited'Sta.tes had no powe;· to·1jass a law incorporati.ng a:_ bank_; . an\l that; therefore, the acte stablisliing the bank" of the_:Unitcd • SJates, is unconstitutfoital and void. Jf palpably so,"why write thirty odd 'iiages to prove it. It fa true, the attack of tire gen- · ileman,-trnd of'the ·court of whkh he ,vas a-niembe1•, 1 was a bold one~,' The p·ower to· pass ~such a law had· been voted by a i:crngress, ipany of whom assisted to form the co 11s1it11tion; it ,vas e-xercis.ed at a time. when the Father of liis country was JH;efli_dent of the ·united Staites, who had als,o. oee1i president of 'the Cor{ve1~tion. , I_t w~s I-.-no\\,11 that the _f:i ,·st act inco!'ponlti ng ii , bank, pasi,e~l wh,cn. 11-amilton, tlia:t splendid statesnrn;n ~nd' pro:~ouri<l lawyer,--:was secreta-i·y of the treasury., lt \\"as kno\Vll ~ �I• • - , <-i • ~ - .,_,. . • and . • .flia_t it .bad .been signed hy presid ent Wasl1ington, after foll in . been ha,_d act The t. cabiiie 'free discussions with his 'whole naJity tutio_ (;OPfti its ·and , harter· <e the of period the "opet·atio_n f~r a. ~vas aclfoowledged hy all ·co~irts, .and by U11ifed A_merrc a,for was -r charte s~cflnd a when ·~, 1 yeanty -'- _.·per~od ofupw ar;ds _oftwe ed the .· • ·grant~ d, and a . new lm11k c_rcat.e.d :-this charte1·· rec;ei,· •· signathe O<'i\r·s and , 11gress 0 c. • sancti o·n of a most enlightt>nedJ hat i:tiou.t ronver the of r membe a also on. Madis ent pre.sicl ture of · had • formed the const'it.uqun. Mr. Rowan , as .a '.j•ulge, su,rely th~ all anµ n, amilto H , ng_tqn 'Washi that · a· right fo decide .itworthi es who' formed _the constit ution; ,did nut under_staTili on, ' .. and therefo re vfofated it. He had a right to say, that Madis all that : rna~ were·\ ac't, ~ hist the passed who ngress the.co a-nd e ofthos ·errors or tion usurpa the l,)f _A m~rica had been ignora nt ·; them, d detecte and d expose e .li il unt men, 'States wn, . . ntit-sure.Jy the gontl eni'a n will not say" that · these sta'tesn sly oliviou and ly pafpali act an ed r1ction a s. Jiad ca, that :all' Ameri Gibat sl(ot . single, a ing r l}nconstitutional. !twas ce:H ainly fi his •raltar; for l}llY judge to attack the 11piuiuns' of the father of well as tu.tio~, con~ti t!1e fqr1~rd "'ho ts_ patrio the_ ~n~ y, countr , as other thstrng mshed and exalte1l men, who with th,nr ·names . the, bankthe talilish s e' to gress 6f'con 1>ower the ned ·11acl s:,tndio apl c an_ s uction co11str with judge.did right' th en, to cha1:ge .well thus alo.g ies, if he meant. that the shot sh,iuld takQ effect~ and c.on; ctions onstru c . ,,:o find th e cumbro us record ,groans with . . red. delive he strued in the opiJli<m a maj~!'·ity Qf . ' ed ~11.ti~fi has n !1tlema tb_at.ge that li~ if ca~ _N o\v contins house, .that it was right a1;1d proper , for 1nm to use Ins the in al crimin hut nal, t.itutio uncons law a p,ro,·e to . structi ons the at Look so. do to s, • j udges of the presen t coul't of appeai that· adopted book',of 3 I pages itself, for a rel'!ttatio.n of the idea, . uctior1 com,tr by J t he,.j.udge is _not fo pro r e a ·law u.11consti.ti1tiona genWe as l, 11tio11a constit six ·obYiou ai·e Uthcs e .repleYin laws ,. a• tJ<tm:an declar es th em to br, :why, ~ again ask, has he ,~ i'itten opit:1the that dcni.es tant protes hook- to pl'. OVC them so ?~--'I:his tute ion of the court of appeal s has taken away from 'the kgisla tJieir ovr1· te legisla to vig-ht ( as is charge d inihe pream ble) the ture • 1·cmedial system . He deni es • that it JH'eYents • tlie legisla alreay reh1ed any : fr~m -passin g any remed ial law, or ch ~ngi.ng • free as ure t a legisl_ tli~s leaves it that ds dy-aiforded. He c011ten cocle, ..as any i.n the univ·er se,to chang e 01· modil'y' _its 1·emrd ial inion p o. the that . 1tnt, statcm sLthe and ther·efore protes ts agai11 a!to po,Ye1· no has re tu legisla ~ th that r,trine do the - . iiroclaimc<t court -.1he tr11e is :It laws. ter, amend , .ol';-O; odify its rem ~dial r~lief 11 as said thafth is~ ·i ~l'ature has rl'ot the ·powe r to ·p ass ta,,s, ~ecatis e 1woliib1ted hy th e ccrnstitutiQli. The error of th& rfi, ~e utleh1 an is in \ll_isnamj ug ruea~ure~·. _Re \vill have it, that s ' ' ·' �I,. litf is remedy-, an<H woul<l ask iftl1e lcgislal(!re"inlencled - O gtv; ·,. the plaintiff remedy, when they suspended his claim for ·tw9 • . ,yearq, for the expre!'ls pt\rpose of relieving the defendant.:.....Did they _intend to give Lapsley a remedy lo collect his debt; or j li.d they -intend to give Brashears time, and to take from Lapsly all remedy, coercing _his debt for two years? . Let_the mcm_:ber from Jeffei:son ans,ver thi$ question. I admit the right to 11ass re~edial laws to change those remedial )a'l'vs, or sub~ :stitute other~, from time to time ; _also, to _change the courts:1Jut at the same time; I deny the right of the Legislatur e to pass -relief laws: and wherever the law is a relief law, made to benefit ·vne party to a coutract, to the prejndice oft-he other, such law i!t unconstitutional and void. When, thei•efore, it •is establishe d - - :\Iµµ relief and ri ht are·the sl\,tne thwg, then shall I believe that relier ancf tnedy are the same· tliing:~ 13nt-1 uniferstiuia r emecfy to be that which is given to the p}a1tttHf agaitist the de: . '.linquent cfebtor, after his dc_bt is due; and that relief is, tbat . "'hicb gives to the defaulter terms to the _prejudice of the in:.j ured party: Such are·your relief laws. Will any man be s~ hardy· a_s to say tllat the Legislatur e intended to pass_reuredial laws, for the b~nefit of _the plaintiff', when it was their avowe~ object_ to defeat the _remedy, and to interfere in behalf of the debtor. This interference is forbid, and this prohibitioh your relief ia·ws 'violite__:_an~ as I say, most positively, palpably, am!ob-viouslr, impairs the obl'igation of contfacts-. ~ , l am not ignorant' of the modes by which sophists deceive .tliemselves; Qs well as otherfl, by asking the question, if th6 judges are. wiser than the leg1slature, or if the judges are abov~ · the legislature . • To this I answer, No: bqt I do ·say, that the constitution is supeiiot· to both ; tf1at the judges are sworri to !lltpport the ,Co!lstitution; and· when one party invokes the aid of your statute to protect him, the other has a rjght to call to h.is ,aid the constitutio n; and the judges must of neressity decjde, by· ~omparison and consfruction, whether the Jaw conflicts with the constitution or not: ·1 fit does, the courtf-1 are bound to •say tf1at the constitution, which is the supreme law of the land~ shall prevail. _ To the judiciary belongs judgment; to this-nuuse~ legislation; It' our• laws are constitutional, they are bound fo carry' them into execution -.if unconstitutional, they are sworn to decide tl1em s·o. • •• . . , Ui1on fgrther examinatiol) of the preamble, it would have aiforded this protestant pleasure if the various charges alledged against the judges by. the gentleman from Jeffe'rson, had been confined to the opinions only. But that gentleman finding it tnore conv~nient and easier to attack the modes of argument ot the judges respectively, than to shew and prove to the satisfac= tion -of the .world, the ~rQrs of-their judgment, ( as -alled_gedja . -D �.-~ reaso,-iing of. tfil ther il, ·deta in ° il!J<l ,•assa l1as e,)~ , (he preambl plained that 'the com has-' :-he : · e judg es. • He has doue mor tituffo,i of Jlfe Uni ted Juc!ges reas oned rath er :fi:o~ ;the , cons (rom their. own coni,titl1an S_tate!'!, a.ml fro1n :o'th!>r· autliorities, ,,.r tlie j~1dges ·invokes to . t~tio n. _, Indeed he {;Omplains that one revo lutio nary period of- , . )iis •aid, the ephemer al i ejfusions of the 'the querulous ebullitio-ris of _tlie .fhneriean histor..y, not ex_cept in$ can only repl y, that before foreign mfoisters; to these rema1_:ks I ans reas onin g, the·j udg~, leni gent }he legi slati ve ailoption, of thaf h they cou-ld convey thei r es·ha.d no statu tory .standard by whic nds of' ex9eption, to a ~.ide as, _and it can. sure ly'b e ·no go?d grou was .s,o esta blis hed ,)to dard stan this Judg e !hat Ii~ did (before t~tution wa.s, ancl refe r ;1scertain w!!.at the m,ea ning <t_f the consby the sage s, who .formit, ofn ~itio to -the -cotemporane~us expo wh at were the mischiefs, ed it, and that he did also inquire, into and _encleavou_r to .g ive io.u, tltut ··.ex istin g"at the·d ate -o f the cons as would 1'~movs the_ mis• :the cons titut ion, si1c;l1 a cost ruct ion was the olcf way -of cons tru: tl1is ; chie f, and advance the rem eily r~main so unti l tbe hum an !ng Jaws, and coi1stitutions( a11d will stan dard s for goo'd reas on• ve inte llec tls chai ned do~vii by legi slati ved in the prean1ble and hser to pain · with ing- :-t!i is prot esia nt hag, , not, only to cast an o:dium reso lutio ns an effor_t (as he belieyes} all tlie misfortttnes ,arul ·them 1won •.on the judg es but to ch.ir.ge and ·1!1ust yet feet; not from . miser1es which the cou ntry has felt misguided polic.y of the the ~tlie .erro rs of tire cour t, 'but fron~ _ • . ~ , •• .· ~ . . • .. . . . __ . • . Jegisla-ture; ~, . itp-on oi:is t;eiJ.s the it p1at x e, • . X: shor t retro spec t ,will su.fiice }o ot.: forg . be not. ,~·ill """It oi1"'. opini his l 'Wbich this prot esta nt founc ct1Jis house canie into e'Xist-' )en tbat the maj orit i ,"<ohich now riile ing it has occasiona1ly an<l 1 itlist ence Ill tbe ,yea r 1817 , and notw force has alwa ys he~n s11ifte<l its members, i ts num eric al a the l~gis la_ture. of the rule abo ut the same-:O.-:this m~jority h3:s had i10 war between ~tli'e we. od peri at th l 1mti corintr:f ove·r sinc13; ents of gove1;rim~rit rtm -)eg islat ure a·nd Jhc cou r ts, all the depa y'had acquii:ed ad.di.. , tuck Ken of s 'son . ~intil then harm oniz ed, the conquer.ors 9( the soil • tion ai lustr"e to that of the"ir fath ers (the th1':-glory .Qf Am er. Fo1~ .. war late fhe :From the sii:va g es) durh ig c~Il.iou~ly. ; ~e!· ·i~sHtutiorrs • i.;;a ,K ~ntus!9,' had ·bled, and bledher .,. cred it urm vall ed ; CQnfi_e; -were SQlvent, he1· currei:icy pur 'pe~ J:1r form all us beyond oence was high ; 'ancl'th~ state pros pero owned in the capi tal state the, time of 1ire unct thisj At • 3:io'ds. unt of five lui1idrecJ amo the ut ·abo y, -tuck stoc k· of the banll of Ken prof it of near ly ' , al annu an'd fifty thou sand doll ars, yiel ding aq l)ns1wi th few exceptio,rs ~itiz n 1 ow r fi.fty five t_l}ousand d'olla1·s, you ty t'wo hu[!dred thou sand ~ , -we1·.e the· stoc khol der·s !o abon_t tv.~c·n l'stimatNI"and in demand, irly ~doll ars, .you r real esta tes wer e.fa rcled libe rally ; . K ~_n!uS::• rewa but 'd -~ .~t>ur was not_ only r~warde ,. ., \. ....... -- -- ~ ~ ,_, L • �. ' 1'y·ontilthis period stood high among the states of the union-:,;". here the Legislature ~1lfortunately commenced the relief system,.. , Wwas then that the first link of the long chain of relief was : forged, yes,. at this , epoeh .the relief system was •matured a1,1d _reliefmen ~ssutned the reins of government whi"ch they 1 have unifo_rmly held. • Your first measure was forty -pdd banks, you . had invited ·the_mother hank of the UnitecrStates to_ s~ild yon two of her branches, and· with these banks you succeeded to your wishes ; you in·ti,~icated the whole state \vith the fumes of spe- ' c~il_atio.n, 'the young ~lercha,:t forgot !Ile Ledger at Philadelphia;. you buoyed up ev1:ry ,one with the v1s10nary _hope that he h~d • wealth aud pro.s perity before him-tbut two short' years of this ' <!elusion elaps.e~and all hope~ from this mo'de· of relief vanish,. the song of.plenty fro nt your r elief' me.asures is forned into. the ci y cff.:niiRIPyiMW ,~sss IIW~- "ef.;ahut.nutfr"'!mlodt1P.en!limt banks is Jpudly salle(l for, •ine project is to drive. -the barfks of • the United States. from the country and break up the bank of - Kentucky; you try this~' the bank of tire l,Tnited States defies yo:i.1, and you fail as to her; but-you have destroyed the bio-1k of Kcnt~lcky; of your fifty tho_u~and d6llars of annu_al revet.Hie from that bank not a eent rcmains..:_the five undred and fifty thousand dollat;s of capital stock belonging to tile state will -nat sell for mot'e than two lrnndred thousand dollars, your private stockhol• ders for their stock cant realize more than forty .cents .in the dollar·; making on the part_oJ the state a los,s. of th'ree hundred. a,nd fifty thousand dollars and on, the part of the stockholders at ~ Jea_st one miJlion in this. bank alone. We will not pretend to esti!!JRte the loss,to the good people of the state through tlrn Ind~. • •. pem!e~t ban~s, it amounts-to millions untold; Reltef. rpeasures through , the Uanks ,see_m~1d , now·to make ,a.. stand;; re;plevins are the uext divice.:.....ycs, this JH'!nciple of suspending the co.llection of debts ·:i,nd of forcing the paper of _tho , Hank -of' ,K,entucky in paymeJ1t. of ~hem, after it became ba!]k:rupt, forms;_the next link in this chain .of relief, and extends to fhe end of the year 1820,. when 'the project · of destroying the whole medium of the state-and,adoptin.i; a papersyste!ll upon a . large scale, forms a niafo link i.n this. long rj!lie( chain.,__ Yott,· then established your Common;w ealth's'. Bank ·; _and ,to give it epergy., you scaled tbe-loans, plac;ed -a,centr.e •baak.i1nmediately under your -own. fontrou),. and gave- it twelve_: brancJies, and , guarded it ,yith a corps u£ dit-ectors, exceeding one, bundrtd. in . number, with power-to fillthei.r own pockets to the- amount , or, two thousand doll~rs eacl1, who withyour official co~ps ofca.s\1.- .. iers and clerks ar~ to .aid tlns 'Bl'iarius to bear down-all oppo- . sition and silence the voice of any but a bank rep·resentative on this floor; thi~ was reli(lf on a great scaJc, few 0 men have had fue., lfardihood t<? dou_bt the infallahility of this political jugger--- �fl:1 EB~ P over; trod den d;owo and thro w~ 11aut ; If any man did he . was run but the in~set:ies al)d wron gs of ;_ ch chur ical over the- pale o'f the polit a sense oft!1eir in.jurie.s ; ,they .now to em ke.th awa t9 n begi le peop > : toe have waged wai; ,with your judg e~ c~nwlain, and you to relie ve them ve -? will -this- com pens ate for relie this will bot.Ir state · :-.nd n~Oonal ; f ever y whe re ? wil( this •• feed hse_l the wid t sp1 ead ruin , that pres ents in . sole s1,1bsfance has been swept , pp.o r-~~phans and widows whose llanry •-.of y,eol iding conf the ve rt:lie this. • your bank of .f(enJucky ?· will misg uide d ·policy _have lost. mil~ your coun try, who trus ting )n your this relie ve y2ur bank rupt me~ , will s; bank ent Ji_ons in y,o~r lnde p~nd your stoc kjob bjng and pape l to ne chan t who bas trus ted bis fortu the fall o( every man 's 'pFoperty one sche mes ~ will this com pen·s ate for ·, below wha t it i11 jn Chin a -in man y e ~ric to_a h~IJf, for th'e f~li of l_abou_r it will ncy, e · curr ent solv a r,ou-. bran ches of ind_ustry ~ will this -give c• i1:1,stit1,1~io11s l will 1.t heal ,,the • infra ' give you back cha ncte r fqr your it resto re Y.OUl'' will ? laim p,roc laws f relie tion s of {aith whic h your em it from. its pre~ ent cond ition ~ treas1.uy to what it wa~ ~ will it rede ... s· have bore sway, you have ban~ h -~eve r-,.. Sinf!;e tbes e relie f mea sure fellow man. and .his in did once he as ide" conf e<l confi;tlence.,...no, m,an tbe fidelity of your laws; dism ay 11ot one repo ses with conftdence upon 10: , is ,_unc ertai aty, all •js jeop ardy , ) ,:nark;5 the counten~nces of all, alJ. for am~ ~ .ti:on 4tten your 0n -t~1 (onh g brinman knows. what a. day, may re your bank s and see wha t . is befo men t to the delipqu_ent lists from t mus J10U s, sand thou the hun.d reds of us, coun t from t\lat delin q,uent list r bank ,~ pape this of s note the em rede to rahie by, taxe s 01:1. the peop le • in com mer ce, egri cult ure~and man . whil e. 0th.e r state s are ·flou r ishin g me laws, hon ut leso who , ium med d( soun a y enjo ufac ture , wl)jl:e the}' e the good P,eople _of-other state s re• judg es 4nd,· good c01tstitz{1io1ts, whil \her e are n~!l,e to mak e them afraid, pose uncJer thei.r "·ines· ~ fi'g trees ,& y ..Ihese· b1essings, while som e enj;o state y w-nile your bri:t hren in ever ways strai ght aµd the roug ~ way s o~th e 11tates a.re mak ing, the croo'ked. lake s.and the'ocean., while New , _ the .5,mooth, and. are unit ing by canals d and cele brat es the d;iy wllen hell ~ork;rejo ices .:1rounil the {estive boar the lake into the Hud son, we 1rs, of Can.ii first pournl! four th the wate bank s, stoJl laips and judg e br~a k• fear , ~ill. ~e disti ngui shed for p.a per ty of whic h the mem ber froltl; peri inz ;· yes, thi11. is the ligh t of proi h our j.udges, crue l judg es, have Jeffe rson so (eelingJ.y s.p eak! ;_-of wh'ic extin gu~s hed ; Oh no, you willver for-e ulse ht this conS:entaneous ill)p t tha. thes e misf ortu nes bega n, with_ neve r pers uade, the good peop le wer'c law& stop your ·1hat in 1 817; judg ~s, the judg es_gave no~opiniens poss ession of tl)e r.eins ever· sinc e·,. unco nsti tutio nal; you hav.e had foll all ; it has dest roye d, the fairest. , and your relie f sy~t em has blig hted ~ sess ed.- and. rely upon it, that yo pros pect s that any \tat e ev·e r ·pos the (~ct,. rd, reco will ry histo s, gQat e scap w.ill not mak e the judg es the .the pe~')le .we rep.r.esen~ will ana, and plac e l~e d-ebt to thKprope.r liat, they. will find that your relief: .do, they n whe aQd est, ·mus t hold an inq.µ ent dj~tresaes, and are now :pre~ the la.ws i:tave brou ght upon the state fi:nd that _the Leg islat ure has! inth~ only ~vils that afflict it, they will j_udges have had firmness, v.irtuc-, r thei that and frac ted the cons titut ion ~ill _be t_b.e--jerdict o( the peo• t,his ~nd intel ligen ce enou gh to say- so, s _recor ':' ., This protestant is D~ , I ~!et_l~is will b1, tbe laitbf\JJ 9il~to.~i11n ....- '\ ..... �,! '.apologi,!ft fer j.udg.es; h& i1 ready, whenever th<:,y sh.all ,o·Ber11-4;:an ·theinselv_es as'to render it-proper for"him to do so, to vpte their remo• val. But this prote~tant in the name and on behalf of' lii!i con!llitucnts · most solemnly protests against,the first and second re·solutions· i!>O pass•. ed on the motion, and at the instance of the said John Rowan, _~nd declares, that in his opinion said res9lutions a1·e err~neous, highly in.c\e•. ·eoro~s, and ahusive ·ofthe judicial department of the -governmen't; de• rpgatory to •the dignity of this Legislature and calculated 10· ext ite· in• su~rection against.the laws and constituted authorities of the state; to. destroy--ihe social tom pact and to let loose the vicious part of the com• munity. ·ancrto encourage them to make aggressions upon the rights· , and prope-rty o( the sober and peaceable citizens of the commonwealth.\, And th.is protestant doth further protest against tpe 3d resolution •pas~ed 1t th.e instance and on the m9tion of •; the member from Jefferson· -fir11t, because said resolution-requires Qf ·congre5s, contra'i·y t_o th@ ·~.stitution of the United 'States, to al~er or change the constitution of-the Up1 , -an ac ~ ess. se onil, l>ecause'Waid~ l1,1tion, t~ken in connection with the preamble and his excelle11cy's_ message, in the opinion of thi's protestant, indicates· that a spirit ex-~ ists among the good people of this ~ommonwealth, to violate ordert and to, resist the ·constitut~d authorities of the tribunals of tlie nation; ·which, for and on behall- of bis constituent~. and 1he good people ofr_ the state, he sole'mnly aenies: -and because he says that the silid resolution, taken in connection with the met.sage of his excellency and ~he preamble,. with which this protestam perceives, as he ,believes, a 'perfect u·nison of temper and object, insinuates not_only .that re sistance to the general government is thought of, but that rnch resistance will sever the union, and give to the good peopfo r.edre's!! by a change of government; when this protestant, for himself, his constituents, and his coun try,, declarei 1 that, in · bis opinion, the 6 ood people of the state ef Kentucky are fixed, not less f1om affection thal) intere.st, in their form of government ; that their attachment 10· the' confederation ,cannot be shak'en ; and that no -spirit of insubordination to the c o_nstituted authorities eitller exists, er can be excited by tha f!!ischie.vous· or wicked (if any such there -be,) that 'may feel disposed to e:11.cite' th.e good people to make war up.on themselves, to destroy: ~the best o'f government~• This pro:estant solemnly further protests against so much of the . said resolution as proposes a remonstrance to congress, and a call· upon the nation to guarantee to this state iLs c9equal sovereignty witfi the other states, as highly degracli6g to Kentucky as a state, and -dange rous to the peace, happiness and independence ef the good peo~ pie t-hereof. • . The' Cortes of Spain tru,ted to a Morilla and a Ballasteros- ihey • \Vere deceived, and then , surrender the citadel of freedom under the •. m ouths ·or .a thousand 'c1rnnons .: -but we invite the yo.ke, in the surrender. to the genera,! government of our;state sovereignty, and calling upon c·ongress to guarantee to us our rights of sovereignty. "Your . resolutions except nothing, re3e rve nothing-e\'ery. thing pertain'ing l~- your _rights of sovereignty~is suomi"ned 'to congress. If , congress · accept ,of your tendei:,A lle people .a re no longer to be gove rned !:iy • _. ; · . ~ .< .' • • -I �~ - - .,,ttiemselves; by those (i.ll)c)'a mental ·laws J\'hich they ·ha,v;_made-bu-: bf a new code of sovereign aod fundamental lawJ to' be_p'resci·ibed to, them by congress. Ag!!inst this unconditional surre.nder of the state· sovereignty to congress, thi.s pot.estant, for h1mself ,and his constitu• ents, s9lemnly protests !!nd declares that the people.. of. Kentucky · en• joy a republican form. of governmept: , and th;it 'they alone have the right .to change, modify 1' onbolish thejr form of · gov.~rnment; and tba! they 'ne~er; will_~ccepJ ofany form 0£ g~vernri1e,n(, ·o r any modifi- . eatJOn of,the1r sovereignty or a guaranJy of the same, from th_e gene, · " • rat government, or any other wverelgn whatev..er. This prt,testant espe·cially protests againsi· the following statement· in the preamble and i'es_olutions so adopted· b.y. the majorhy-to-wit:· -" that Kentucky is deprived of her rights of ~ov.ereignty, and reduced lo thi: degraded posture of a pro.vince of Virginia,"· as unfounded in fact-and for himself- a11d his constituent:i, and.- the. . gooil p_eo-P.le of Kentucky, <leclares that the state cif Ker.tu·cky is a free. and sovereign S:tate; and posse~ses of ber5elf all the rights of_ sovereignty that her sbter states do; ar.d tha_t she can derive 110 sov_ereig[lty of;c_o ngress or the general governlJ]~nt -that ·powers of sovereig~tf rest: witlt the • . people of Kentucky;, and that to petition congress. or tlie. general'. , government to give_ to the sta-te of l).entucky her " rights .,of; ·s ove--: reignty, derogates from the rights .of self gove1.r.ment and .sovereig~ty1 which belong to the people. And fu,rther, for himself and hhs' con, _ , stituents and the people declares, t~at any gr::int _or guarafl!y from . Congress or the general •government of the rights : of sovreignty to Kentucky, other than that wh~ch &he has, and· which. she . derives.. from the people alone, will be at1 usurpation.upon the rights, liberties, 1 and the pow~r of self goyernment, which f;lefong to the people, and of: which they never can '. be ·divested but !>y fbrce and us.u-rpation. • This protestar.t haring, as he trus-ts with proper respect presented: • to this .house his protest, and his reason~ for such protest,_hoping thay with wlratever freedom he may have discussed. t·lje tende ncy and d, . fects of the measures pursued,. and pursuing, by the maj.o r1ty, that: nothing will be foun'd iil any remark w!1ich he has mad·e that can be: constr.ued in th~ slightest degree to impugn the motives,. or to dero,, gate from the patriotic intentions of the majority, . , But feeling as he, _does .this unfeif;necl respect for _th.e ir . good in·tentions, as well as ·the< intelligence o.£...-l-he m~jority, be can but hope that tlie .full scope and; effect of the resolutions so passed by them,, have not been duly con-, sidered : and that the people of this state and the union may_ not be; deceived fr om th.e tenor of the s,aid re~olves, as t0 the pa!tiotic attachri1ent of this legislature to the inviolability of the union, and their de•. termination t0 sustain the supremacy of the constitutfon of tbe Uuited States and that ot Kentucky, 'this .protestant submits to the House; of Representativ~s and the Senut.e the following resolutions. andl . > , ,,. , "" \_ • . . , preanlble. ' Fxn'.sT, Resolv_ed by the Legislature of Kentucky, Tha.t ' it is thei_nterest as well as hour.den duty of this legislature, to respect the coostituti_on, both of the st.ate and nation, in all their legislative pro• ceedings; an<l that it is tlleirldetermination to adopt no measure cal.cu• l'ated to weaken the confidence· and ,dfoctio of the good people of' �. . . \ ent11cky 1 in tne conf~deration of the states, as provfd~d for in _comtitu tion of.the United States, and a.s .it now exists. SECOND. R~solved , That the state of Kentuck y is a free s'overeign st-ate,_and that she derives .her sovereig nty from the .peop\e ·; which: ' sovereig nty _is defined . and limited ,by the' people themselv es, in the federal and state constitut ions: and that the state of Kentuck y can de• rive 110 sovereig n'ty, nor can sh& accept of the guaranty~ of her -sove:reignty from the g·eneral govemm ent or the congress of the United .x States. THIRD, Resolved , That all legislativ e acts passed by the legislature of Kentuck y must ·conform to ·the coa_stitution of the United Stat11s and the constitution of Kentuck y; and auch acts as are contrary is - _' to said constitut,ion or either of them, are null and voic!-an d that it . • tfie duty of the judgea. when such void acts are drawn in questioa befor.e , them, to dacide them to be null and void. • R~t!d , '.Fhe whe:neve- ,h_e, highei.t--judit:_ial trLbuna ot.R'J;B, - -of the government" decides a cause of which it has jurisdict ion, that ' • 21uch decre,e .or judgmen t is bi~ding upon the parties before tlte court, carry to · aid _ no ribunal t ' such from withhold will re legislatu arid this its determin ation into effect, which it , is' th!) duty of the legislatu re to . afford under the provisions of the ."constitu tion. s member four of consist to ee committ, a That , Resolved FJFTH, • from the house of represen tatives and two from the senate, be ap, pointed to draw up ail address to the people, explainin g to thein the· uature' and causes of the unfortun ate c!isagrce ment •between the legis• latQre and th.: judicial departm ent of governm ent, and recomme nding to 'them to continue their confidence in- the •constitut ed aiithoi'itie.s of tlie state, and to assure the' pec;ipie of the aftachme nt of _their legislature to the federal constitut ion and the constitut ion of the state, and of their determin atiqri to preserve inviolable those, fundame ntal la"'.s, and _ ' ' • the union of the "states respecti,vely. It. WICKL IFFE. YEAS -Mr.'. Speaker, Messrs. Alexander, Caldwell, Cox; Cunningham., Duncan, Farmer , Farrow , French, U. Garrard , · W. Garrard , . Gist, W. R. Griffith; Ha1·ald,- Hawes, Lander~ ,LaHgh.Jin, • Lee, Logan, Lyne, Maeey; Marshall~-Montgom_e ry, Morgan , J. M. M'Conn ell, M'.Millan, New, Ogleeby, Pope •. Prince, Rapier, Rocles, Rumsey, Rus::;ell, Selby, . .G. Slaught er, -s app,-a'homson, Tilford, 'Fodd, True, Turntr.. Wa1·d,• Wick• liffe, Woods, Woodson ~ud. Woodw ard-47. · Buford, Brown, ridge, Becken Ashby, NAYS..:...Messrs. Abel, • Cbe_nowith, Cock~rill, Daveissr Dejarne tt, Desha, H. S. Em- • erson, J. Emerso n, Eward, Fletche r, Galloway, Green, S. Griffith) Guthrie, Hall, Hay<le'n, Holt, Jo.yes, Lancast er, Le~ • -, compt~ Lynch; .,fay~ Mitchell,_Mullens, ,Munford, J,.. M'Conuell, 'M'.Dowell, M'Efro y, Napier, Nuttall, Oldham, o~Bannon, Porter, Railey, Riddle, Rowan, Secrest; Stephens, Tho~ mas, Webber, Wolfor~, Worthin,ten1 and Young er-47. • ' - . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First American West, 1750-1820 Description An account of the resource Drawing from many historical collections at the Filson Historical Society, First American West incorporates maps, diaries, letters, ledgers, and objects. The collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian West, the maps tracing their explorations, their relations with Native Americans, and their theories about the region's mounds and other ancient earthworks. Naturalists and other scientists describe Western bird life and bones of prehistoric animals. Books and letters document the new settlers' migration and acquisition of land, navigation down the Ohio River, planting of crops, and trade in tobacco, horses, and whiskey.<br /><br />The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 consists of 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century.<br /><br /><p></p> <table border="0" style="width:99.7863%;border-collapse:collapse;border-style:hidden;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);float:left;" cellpadding="25"><tbody><tr><td style="width:40%;"><a href="https://www.neh.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/2019-08/NEH-Preferred-Seal820.jpg?itok=VyHHX8pd" width="328" height="149" alt="NEH Preferred Seal" /></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"> <h5>First American West was generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.</h5> </td> </tr></tbody></table> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Corlis-Respess Family Papers (1698-1984), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Joseph Hamilton Daveiss Papers (1780-1800), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Foote Family Papers (1759-1987), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Henry Family Papers (1773-1864), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Wesley Hunt Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Harry Innes Papers (1792-1849), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky John Jeremiah Jacob Papers (1806-1851), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Meriwether William and George Wood Papers (1780-1831), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Nall Family Papers (1797-1945), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pirtle-Rogers Family Papers (1797-1875), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Pottinger Family Papers (1631-1932), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Rogers-Woodson Family Papers (1789-1890), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Isaac Shelby papers (1760-1839), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Shelby-Bruen Family Papers (1761-1916), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Charles Wilkins Short Papers (1802-1869), The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Museum Collection, The Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Type The nature or genre of the resource Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FAW Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 18th century 19th century Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An expose of the relief system offered by Robert Wickliffe, 1824 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library Collection, Filson Historical Society Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/?language=en For reproduction inquiries, please visit https://filsonhistorical.org/special-collections/rights-and-reproductions/ Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Rare Pamphlet 328.27 W636 1824 bbf0003 Subject The topic of the resource Kentucky. Court of Appeals. Kentucky -- Politics and government -- 1792-1865 Kentucky -- Law and legislation -- 1792-1865 Frankfort (Ky.) -- Imprints -- 19th century Replevin -- Kentucky Debtor and creditor -- Kentucky Kentucky -- Imprints -- 19th century Banking law -- Kentucky Description An account of the resource An expose of the relief system, by a protest and resolutions offered by Robert Wickliffe, esq, but refused to be printed by a vote of the House of Representatives; to which is added the yeas and nays on the motion to print said protest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wickliffe, Robert Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1824 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource pamphlet Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 19th century 1820s Court of Appeals creditor debtor Laws and legislation Legislation politics Replevin